Metal batteries

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

One of the most important factors determining whether or not secondary lithium metal batteries become commercially viable is battery safety, which is affected many factors insufficient information is available about safety of practical secondary lithium metal batteries [91]. Vanadium compounds dissolve electrochemi-cally and are deposited on the lithium anode during charge-discharge cycle. The... 

Films on lithium play an important part in secondary lithium metal batteries. Electrolytes, electrolyte additives, and lithium surface treatments modify the lithium surface and change the morphology of the lithium and its current efficiency [93],... 

Various cyclic ethers are reported to be superior solvents for secondary lithium metal batteries. 1,3-Dioxolane [94, 95] and... 

The organization of the Handbook of Battery Materials is simple, dividing between aqueous electrolyte batteries and alkali metal batteries and further in anodes, cathodes, electrolytes and separators. There are also three more general chapters about thermodynamics and mechanistics of electrode reactions, practical batteries and the global competition of primary and secondary batteries. 

Thackery MM (1999) Materials for alkali metal batteries. In Besenhard JO (ed) Handbook of battery materials. Wiley-VCH, New York... 

Korovin N., Kleimenov B., Agaphonov N., Guryanov M. Air-metal batteries Ext. Abstr. 46th ISE Meeting 1995 Xiamen, China. 1995. 1-5-12. 

Besides the conductive additive, TEG may sometimes be a very effective catalyst support, for example, in the catalytic active composite with conducting polymers for the new air-metal batteries, which we proposed [6],... 

The wide use of p-block and early transition metal chalcogenide materials for electronics applications (semiconductors, semi-metals, battery materials, etc.) has resulted in a large amount of work concerned with CVD using mixtures of metal halides and chalcogenoethers as dual source precursors and preformed complexes as single sources.166... 

The above phenomena have founded a practical application for development of air-metal batteries mockups with low costs PANI/TEG composite catalysts and could find application also for some types of fuel cells. 

Keywords conducting polymers, oxygen reduction, composites, air-metal battery, fuel cells... 

The above phenomena of catalytic activity of CPs toward air (oxygen) reduction have founded a practical application for development of air-metal batteries mockups with low costs PANI/TEG composite catalysts [4], Specific energy to be attained as primary battery is of about 150 W-h/kg for Air/PANI-Zn and 250 W h/kg for Air/PANI-Mg batteries. The discharge curves of such batteries is practically horizontal since there are determined by the oxygen reduction potential. 

Barsukov V.Z., Khomenko V.G. et al., Physico-chemical fundamentals of development of air-metal batteries with a PANI based catalysts. Electrochemical Power Engineering, 2001 (1-2) 24-30. 

LiAsF6 Used commonly in lithium metal batteries because of good cycle life predicated on beneficial film formed on lithium and high solution conductivity. 

The obvious drawback to the use of Li alloys instead of Li metal in batteries is the lower potential, specific charge, and specific energy of Li-alloy-based battery systems, compared with Li metal batteries. The work with Li alloys as alternatives for Li metal batteries began in the early 1970s [293], Table 8, taken from Ref. 294, presents some data on Li alloys tested as anodes in rechargeable Li battery systems. The various examples of Li alloys shown in Table 8 can be divided into three groups ... 

Rare earth metals Batteries for hybrid vehicles and electronics China -100... 

When it comes to practical application, the actual conductance (the inverse of resistance R) instead of specific conductivity is the important variable. This is the reason why polymer electrolytes have drawn so much attention as a potential component of allmli-metal batteries aithough their specific conductivities are usually low ( 10 S cm ) compared with those at nonaqueous eiectrolytes (-10 S cm ). Calculate the conductance of 1.0 A/ LiSOjCFj in poiy(ethyiene oxide) and propylene carbonate, respectively. The former is fabricated into a fiim of 10 Tm thickness and the latter is soaked with porous separator of 1 mm thickness. (Xu)... 

Figure 28 Schematic representation and operating principles of Li batteries, (a) Rechargeable Li-metal battery (the picture of the dendrite growth at the Li surface was obtained directly from in situ scanning electron microscopy measurements), (b) Rechargeable Li-ion battery. (Ref 47. Reproduced by permission of Nature Publishing Group (www.nature.com))...

Massive electrochemical attack known as galvanic corrosion [58,59] is the most severe form of copper corrosion. It can completely remove the copper from the structures (Figs. 17.25 and 17.26). It can occur when the wafers are exposed to a corrosive electrolyte for an extended period. It can also occur if the slurry does not contain enough or effective corrosion inhibitor. The source of such a galvanic potential on the patterned copper surface may be due to the fact that some copper structures connected to transistors have a different electrical potential than the rest of the wafer surface. Another possible cause of this type of galvanic potential is related to the barrier material induced metal metal battery effect. Most copper CMP slurries have been developed for Cu structures with Ta or TaN as a barrier material. In some cases, other metals may also be used in addition to the barrier metal. For example, a metal hard mask could contribute to the galvanic corrosion effects. It is also possible that some types of copper are more susceptible to corrosion that others. The grain... 

The cell, and the electrode and cell reactions, for the lithium-metal battery are ... 

This section will provide a general description of the lithium-metal battery, especially with regard to the problems arising from the use of lithium metal, and introduce the lithium-polymer batteries as a reliable solution to problems deriving from the use of the lithium-metal electrode. The lithium-ion battery will then be taken up and particular emphasis will be given to the insertion electrode materials used in both the lithium-metal and the lithium-ion batteries. 

The substitution of the liquid electrolyte with the less reactive polymer electrolyte has led to lithium-polymer batteries, among the most likely to be commercialized for electric vehicles [89]. It must be stressed that the lithium-polymer battery is still a lithium-metal battery and not a lithium-ion one. Lithium-polymer batteries are solid-state, in that their electrolyte is a solid. A great safety advantage of this type of battery is that the electrolyte will not leak out if there is a rupture in the battery case. Furthermore, it can be assembled in any size and shape, allowing manufacturers considerable flexibility in cell design for electric vehicle or electronic equipment. 

The strategy of hybrid and gel electrolytes is very promising for lithium-ion batteries, but it seems less viable for lithium-metal batteries due to the reactivity of lithium metal with the encapsulated solvent. In fact, high conductivity is not the only parameter in selecting a successful polymer electrolyte for the development of lithium batteries a low interface resistance and a high interface stability over time are also required to assure good cyclability and long life. 

Aurbach, D., Zinigrad, E., Teller, H., and Dan, R, Factors which limit the cycle life of rechargeable lithium (metal) batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 1274,... 

Korovin N.V., Kicheev A.G. Luzhin V.K. Influence of the inert component on mass-transfer in the gas phase of porous electrode. Russian Electrochemistry. 1972 .8 146 -49. Korovin N., Kleimenov B., Agaphonov N., Guryanov M. Air-metal batteries Ext. Abstr. 46 ISE Meeting 1995 Xiamen, China. 1995. 1-5-12. 

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