Metal Foams for 2D and 3D Battery Architectures

Vapor deposition [66, 67] and sputtering [68] are alternative methods for electrodeposition on a metallic substrate. However, these methods are less common than the electrochemical ones emplo5dng flat substrates, as derived from the number of reports using the latter technique. 

Metal foils, meshes and foams of controlled porosity are commercialized, for example by Goodfellow . Because of its 

For 2D electrodes, the optimal thickness of the active material film is limited by the resulting electrochemical behavior, mainly because of the poor response of thick electrodes at high rates. 

Porous and rough metals substrates are being extensively studied in the last few years like electrodes for lithium and sodium batteries [65, 69, 75]. 

Hertzberg et al. used a Cu foil like substrate of a thin Si tube confined by a carbon shell layer [76]. This special architecture can be viewed like ID hybrid particle on a 2D metallic substrate forming a 3D electrode. Interesting, the mass loading for this electrode was relatively high (5-8 mg cm ] and the observed gravimetric capacity was high (about 800 mA h g ]. 

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This chapter presents a critical review on the newly developed procedures for multidimensional electrode nanoarchitecturing for Li- and Na-ion batteries. Starting from nt-Ti02 utilization, first-row transition metal oxide nanocomposites are examined. Metal foams for 2D and 3D battery architectures and graphene-transition metal oxide heterostructures with unusual performance for battery applications are discussed. 

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