Metabolic process

A constituent of the nucleic acid portion of nucleoproteins, and, combined, as adenosine pyrophosphate, it plays an important part in many metabolic processes. 

Interfaces play a predominant role in metabolic processes [78], as well as in immune recognition (e.g. T lymphocytes recognizing antigens on the surface of antigen presenting cells, section c2.14.6.2. Historically, the bulk of experimental... 

Side chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes is important in certain metabolic processes One way m which the body rids itself of foreign substances is by oxidation m the liver to compounds that are more polar and hence more easily excreted m the urine Toluene for example is oxidized to benzoic acid by this process and is eliminated rather readily... 

Uronic acids are biosynthetic intermediates m various metabolic processes ascorbic acid (vitamin C) for example is biosynthesized by way of glucuronic acid Many metabolic waste products are excreted m the urine as their glucuronate salts... 

The increased concentrations of K, Ca, Fe, Br, Se and Rb in infarction and scar areas are observed for patient with the recent infarction. For the patients with old infarction the levels of these elements are decreased in the same areas. This reflects the intensity of metabolic processes in the pathological area of myocardium. Additionally, the elevated levels of Se was find out in myocardium of right ventricle in both patients, that may be caused by the increasing the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme. 

Passive corrosion caused by chemically inert substances is the same whether the substance is living or dead. The substance acts as an occluding medium, changes heat conduction, and/or influences flow. Concentration cell corrosion, increased corrosion reaction kinetics, and erosion-corrosion can he caused by biological masses whose metabolic processes do not materially influence corrosion processes. Among these masses are slime layers. 

Anabolism Metabolic processes involved in the synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules. An anabolic process usually requires energy. 

Anaerobic respiration Metabolic process whereby electrons are transferred from an organic, or in some cases, inorganic compounds to an inorganic acceptor molecule other than oxygen. The most common acceptors are nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate. 

Alveolar ventilation supplies O2 to the bloodstream while alveolar capillary perfusion provides alveolar gas with COj. Resting individuals consume approximately 250 mL 02/min and produce approximately 200 ml. COi/min because, stoichiometrically, metabolic processes require a greater supply of O, than the quantity of CO2 produced. Defining the respiratory exchange ratio, R, as... 

The rate at which an absorbed chemical species is removed from the ASL determines whether reenirainment occurs during a breaching cycle,Slow removal rates relative to the breathing cycle allow the concentrations in the ASL to be higher than in the expiratory airstream. Figure 5.26 shows processes that diminish the ASL concentration of absorbed chemical species. Metabolic processes or interactions with ions and other chemically reactive substances found... 

Carbon dioxide production Rate at which the pulmonary bloodstream transports carbon dioxide, produced by metabolic processes, to the pulmonary airstream. 

The kinetic properties of chemical compounds include their absorption and distribution in the body, theit biotransformation to more soluble forms through metabolic processes in the liver and other metabolic organs, and the excretion of the metabolites in the urine, the bile, the exhaled air, and in the saliva. An important issue in toxicokinetics deals with the formation of reactive toxic intermediates during phase I metabolic reactions (see. Section 5.3.3). 

The behavior of calcium in the cells can be considered as a metabolic process. There is uptake, distribution, and excretion of calcium in the cells. The uptake of calcium occurs via activation of calcium channels. The end result is elevation of intracellular calcium levels and subsequent activation. Be-... 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) The gas formed by complete combustion of carbon-containing substances. Also a product of the metabolic process. 

Radioactively labelled compounds have been employed in biology for the clarification of metabolic processes since the mid-1940s It has, thus, been necessary to prepare such substances and to check on their punty... 

Wachtershanser has also suggested that early metabolic processes first occurred on the surface of pyrite and other related mineral materials. The iron-sulfur chemistry that prevailed on these mineral surfaces may have influenced the evolution of the iron-sulfur proteins that control and catalyze many reactions in modern pathways (including the succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase reactions of the TCA cycle). 

In order to enhance the oral bioavailability of oximonam (104), a prodrug has been made by esterification of the carboxyl group with the t-butyl ester of hydroxyacetic acid (105). The product is prodrug gloximonam (106) [31], Gloximonam is efficiently converted to oximonam in the body by metabolic processes. 

Firstly, there are those cases where the hydrolysis takes place within the plant itself during the life of the plant, so that the essential oil is actually a product, in the free state, of the metabolic processes of the living plant and secondly, there are those cases where the glucoside is not decomposed except by artificial processes, independent of the life of the plant. 

During an animal s lifetime, about 50 percent of the energy it consumes will go to general maintenance (everydayr metabolic processes), 25 percent to growth and 25 percent to reproduction. 

In humans, most steroids function as hormones, chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and carried through the bloodstream to target tissues. There are two main classes of steroid hormones the sex hormones, which control maturation, tissue growth, and reproduction, and the adrenocortical hormones, which regulate a variety of metabolic processes. 

Usually fairly high concentrations of such a drug are needed for effective control of an infection because the inhibitor (the false substrate) should occupy as many active centers as possible, and also because the natural substrate will probably have a greater affinity for the enzyme. Thus the equilibrium must be influenced and, by using a high concentration of the false substrate, the false substrate-enzyme complex can be made to predominate. The bacteria, deprived of a normal metabolic process, cannot grow and multiply. Now the body s defense mechanisms can take over and destroy them. 

The metabolic processes underpinning the catabolism of aliphatic and aromatic compounds are described in the BIOTOL text "Energy Sources for Cell". 

JV-Acetyltransferases (NATs) catalyze the conjugation of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA on to an amine, hydrazine or hydroxylamine moiety of an aromatic compound. NATs are involved in a variety of phase II-diug metabolizing processes. There are two isozymes NAT I and NAT II, which possess different substrate specificity profiles. The genes encoding NAT I and NAT II are both multi-allelic. Especially for NAT II, genetic polymoiphisms have been shown to result in different phenotypes (e.g., fast and slow acetylators). 

Permeation of a drug through biological membranes against the electrochemical gradient. This type of drug transport requires energy produced by intracellular metabolic processes. 

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