Anaerobic metabolism respiration

Williams RJ, WC Evans (1975) The metabolism of benzoate by Moraxella species through anaerobic nitrate respiration. Biochem J 148 1-10. 

Oremland RS, Blum JS, Culbertson CW, et al. 1994. Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobically, selenate-respiring bacterinm, strain SES-3. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 3011-9. 

Because Fe(III) respiration is the most recent major pathway of anaerobic metabolism to be investigated, there has been relatively little work on the processes that regulate it in situ. Rather, most advances have concerned the mechanisms by which microorganisms access Fe(III) oxides and interact with the physicochemical processes that govern Fe(III) oxide dissolution. 

A common approach to estimating the contribution of microorganisms to Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction based on carbon mass balance. Total anaerobic microbial respiration is estimated by measuring the carbon mineralization rate (i.e., Y.CO2 + CH4 production). The carbon that was respired by SO -reducing bacteria and methanogens is subtracted from the total, and the difference is assumed to be the contribution of Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria (Canfield et al., 1993b Thamdmp, 2000). Typically, the contribution of aerobic metabolism to carbon... 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inoiganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates as their major source of eneigy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because little niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

Under prolonged flooded conditions or in wetland soils with high intensity of reduction, the amount of oxygen transported by plants may not be snfficient to snpport aerobic respiration. When this situation arises, certain wetland plants may snrvive by anaerobic metabolism. ADH activity, which is induced under anaerobic conditions, has been nsed as an indicator of root oxygen... 

D. Cyanides include cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, and cyanogen chloride. These compounds have high affinity for metalloenzymes such as cytochrome aa3, thus derailing cellular respiration and forcing the use of anaerobic metabolism and the development of lactic acidosis. 

If you think about this, it becomes obvious that any major changes in the cellular pH value could seriously upset everything. Most of the proteins are tuned to operate well just on the alkaline side of neutrality, i.e. at pH values of 7.35-7.45. (Exceptions are those proteins that are designed to work in a special acidic niche, like pepsin in the stomach or the various hydrolytic enzymes in the cell s lysosomes Topic 23.) But how can the body maintain a constant pH value when it is constantly carrying out activities that are tending to change the pH Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid. Ketogenesis produces acetoacetic and /d-hydroxybutyric acids. Above all, however, cellular aerobic respiration produces CO2, which dissolves in... 

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