Anabolic metabolism

Anabolism Metabolic processes involved in the synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules. An anabolic process usually requires energy. 

The functions of these different phases of sleep are not at all clear but chronic sleep deprivation does eventually lead to death. It seems to be the slow-wave component of sleep (SWS) that is vital and it is thought to serve a restorative purpose. This would be consistent with its greater occurrence during the early stages of the sleep cycle when hormone secretion supports anabolic metabolism. If subjects are wakened every time they enter a period of REM sleep (evidenced by the EEG) there appears to be no overt harmful effect on their behaviour. In fact, REM sleep deprivation has even been used, with some claims of success, as a treatment for minor depression. However, there is an unproven belief that REM sleep is important for memory consolidation. 

Anabolism Metabolic reactions in which the resultant molecules are larger than those of the reactants. 

Anabolic metabolic pathways are the flip side of catabolic ones. Anabolic reactions are biosynthetic that is, they create complex molecules out of simpler ones. Anabolic pathways are reductive in nature and consume energy. In all these ways, anabolic pathways stand in contrast to catabolic ones. It is frequently the case that the end product of an anabolic pathway will inhibit the first enzyme in the same pathway. This makes a good deal of sense. Anabolic pathways require energy and if there is enough end product available there is little reason to keep making more of it. So an excess of the end product simply turns off the pathway by inhibiting the first enzyme ... 

ACTase catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl residue from carbamoyl phosphate to the amino group of L-aspartate. The N-carbamoyl L-aspartate formed in this way already contains all of the atoms of the later pyrimidine ring (see p. 188). The ACTase of the bacterium Escherichia coli is inhibited by cytidine triphosphate (CTP), an end product of the anabolic metabolism of pyrimidines, and is activated by the precursor ATP. 

Anabolism metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are built up into larger... 

Enzymes subject to regulation of synthesis are often those that are needed at only one stage of development or under selected physiologic conditions. For example, in the fed state, elevated insulin levels result in an increase in the synthesis of key enzymes involved in anabolic metabolism. 

Anabolism Metabolic pathways that require energy and produce larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones—for example, the production of proteins from amino acids. 

AG is internalized inside the cells through either passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport. Once inside the cell, 2-AG can be transformed through three main mechanisms (1) hydrolysis to arachidonic acid and glycerol (2) oxidation to a series of oxygenated derivatives and (3) anabolic metabolism (Fig. 2). 

Another fundamental compound for cellular growth is insulin, which presents weak affinity to IGF-1 receptors. Insulin can activate several mitogenic responses, through IGF-1 receptors when in large doses. However, insulin is also added to most serum-free media due to its ability to promote anabolic metabolism, such as oxidation processes, glycogen synthesis, and amino acids transport (Jenkins, 1991). 

Aldehydes, especially the longer chain saturated and branched chain aldehydes (i.e., propanal, butanal, 2-methyl-1-propanal, 2-methyl-1-butanal, and 3-methyl-1-butanal) are also intermediates in the formation of fusel oils. These pathways involve anabolic metabolism of sugars or transamination of amino acids. During ethanol fermentation, the aldehydes may be reduced to the corresponding alcohols by ADH enzymes and excreted into the media. Herraiz et al. (19) found that longer chain aldehydes were not as readily reduced and excreted by the yeast, e.g., 35% reduction was observed for pentanal compared to 3% reduction for decanal. 

The answer is c. (Murray, pp 505—626. Scriver, pp 4029—4240. Sack, pp 121-138. Wilson, pp 287-320.) Vasopressin, which is also called antidiuretic hormone, increases the permeability of the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and thus allows passage of water. Like the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, vasopressin results in an expansion of blood volume. However, the mode of action of aldosterone is different it causes sodium reabsorption, not water reabsorption. Sodium reabsorption indirectly leads to increased plasma osmolality and thus water retention in the blood. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that potentiates catabolic metabolism chronically. Epinephrine stimulates catabolic metabolism acutely. Insulin acutely favors anabolic metabolism, in large part by allowing glucose and amino acid transport into cells. 

Carbohydrate metabolism the involvement of Mn(II) with key enzymes of glucose storage, mobilization, and catabolic and anabolic metabolism is now well established. Effects at the cell, organ, and whole organism levels are less well understood, especially those related to interaction of Mn(II) with hormonal systems and receptors. 

Anabolism Metabolism that converts small building blocks into bigger molecules. 

In addition to having great flexibility for anabolic metabolism, E. coli has also shown some flexibility to adopt non-native catabolic metabolism as well. This is an important property in view of uncertainty about feedstock prices. It is unknown whether glucose, glycerol, or other starches will be more inexpensive or available over time. Thus it is important to develop capabilities to utilize all of these compounds (Figure 5.3). 

The anabolic metabolism of these compounds has been studied extensively in transplantable mouse tumor cells it proceeds as follows ... 

It has been established (Delwiche and Carson, 1953) that propionic acid bacteria are able to oxidize the intermediate products of the TCA cycle. Under anaerobic conditions the TCA cycle is also functional, and its role may not be limited to anabolic processes. In these conditions nitrate and fumarate can act as terminal electron acceptors in propionic acid bacteria. It is well known that the TCA cycle provides microorganisms with precursors for biosynthetic reactions, and plays an essential role in both the catabolic and anabolic metabolism. 

Anabolism Metabolic reactions resulting in the synthesis of more complex compounds from simple precursors. Commonly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. 

Carbon Cycle The continuous process of combining and releasing carbon and oxygen thereby storing and emitting heat and energy. Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism. The diagram below illustrates the cyclical process. 

Chemical evolution presumes that there was a primordial source of these synthons that comprise the basis of anabolic metabolism. Molecules exist only at... 

Metabolism The total of all reactions that occur in ceUs. Catabolic metabolism is generally degradative and ex-ergonic, whereas anabolic metabolism is synthetic and requires energy. 

Animals also depend on plants for essential organic molecules that they are unable to make. We call some of these molecules vitamins. Several vitamins, including niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and biotin, are key players in catabolic and anabolic metabolism, and deficiencies in these vitamins have severe effects. Also, animals are incapable of synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (fatty acids with more than one double bond). Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential components of membrane lipids and must be obtained in the diet. So, the next time you have a salad, pay a tribute to photosynthesis. 

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