Merit ranking method

The merit ranking method maintained abatement incentives in terms of both emission intensity and hours of operations. Given a specific mix of fuel and technology, on the one hand relative target type of incentives would be in place, as plants reducing reducing emissions per unit of output below the allocation emission coefficient could retain the allowances in excess, while plants with emissions per unit of output above the allocation emission coefficient would have... 

Whereas the criteria (i) enantioselectivity, (ii) amount of product obtained per amount of catalyst used, and (iv) substrate specificity are of a quantitative nature, the point (iii) availability (though not cost) of a catalyst is only a semi-quantita-tive criterion, and (v) comparison of a method with alternative strategies is even redundant, as the process of comparison of options and their resulting evaluation and ranking are merely different parts of the decision-making process, and are not undertaken in parallel with performance measurements along dimensions of merit. 

The discussion in section 2 focused on how to combine descriptors and SAR analysis methods into a form that would allow a virtual library to be scored. These scores are the basis for the design, which looks to obtain a suitably optimal subset of the library. There are different ways of finding the (near-)optimal subset, which will now be discussed. A point that needs to be reiterated is that the scores are only approximate, and that the libraries do need to some extent to explore unknown SAR space, or face the danger of optimising into a dead-end. The types of information generated by the descriptors and SAR are (i) distance matrices, in which each element is the distance between a pair of molecules (ii) ranks and scores, in which each molecule is scored on its own merits (iii) ensemble scores, in which the... 

After the screen, the proteins are ranked according to their measured value of the figure of merit. Typically, the top x percent of the sequences is kept for the next round of mutation. The parameter x is to be adjusted experimentally. In the simulated evolutions, the value of x = 10% was always found to be optimal. Other methods for selecting the proteins to keep for... 

Several intertest comparisons of cytotoxicity assays have been undertaken, Sina et al. (1992) compared the following assay procedures leucine incorporation (a general cytotoxicity test), MTT dye reduction (an indicator of mitochondrial damage), and neutral red uptake. They found that none of the end points accurately predicted in vim eye irritating potential, but the MTT dye reduction method gave the overall best correlation. Christian and Diener (1996) noted that the neutral red uptake a.ssay had merit for ranking potential ocular irritation, particularly the weaker irritants. 

On the subject of how much impact computational chemists have on the scientific community, a quantifiable measure of a person s contribution to a scientific field, besides the physical mass of one s publications, is the number of citations to a person s papers. It is usually assumed that the more popular a new method, or the more valuable new data, the more the work will be used and cited by subsequent authors. Thus, the number of citations has become one of many measures of the scientific community s assessment of the merits of a person s work. However, critics point to various faults with citation frequency data. For example, some scientists can have a profound and lasting influence on a field of research and still not be the most highly cited. Some scientists can be highly cited and not have much influence beyond their own sphere of interest. Self citation can inflate numbers. Another caveat about citation rankings arises from how the ISI database stores a person s identity. If two or more people share the same last name and initial(s), then they could be miscounted as the same person. Conversely, if an author uses two initials in some papers and only one initial in other papers, then that person could be counted as two different individuals. Furthermore, if a person s name changes or if a person s name is misspelled or spelled inconsistently in citations, that person s citations could look misleadingly low. Fortunately, most of the well-known computational chemists have individualistic names. Further discussion of the issues associated with citation analysis can be found elsewhere. Citation frequency in the field of computational chemistry was earlier analyzed in this book series. ... 

---