Parameters 1 Measurement of

The experimental methods used to investigate solid—solid interactions need not, in principle, be any different from those used to study the thermal decomposition of solids. Those methods, however, which rely on the measurement of parameters related to the loss of gaseous product cannot be applied to those solid—solid reactions where no gas is evolved. 

Many theoretical models will require laboratory measures of parameters, such as rate constants or partition coefficients, not easily measured in the field. 

In the case in which the overall sensor luminescence is the result of isolated phases each with a different nonradiative decay rate, the lifetimes of each phase provides an independent measurement of [Parameter]... 

In meta-analysis, weighted averages are often used in order to incorporate standard errors (SEs) from measurements of parameters from independent studies. The weight for a given estimate is set equal to 1/SE. ... 

In the early days of stable ion chemistry, the experimental measurements of parameters such as NMR chemical shifts and IR frequencies were mainly descriptive, with the structures of the carbocations being inferred from such measurements. While in cases such as the tert-butyl cation there could be no doubt of the namre of the intermediate, in many cases, such as the 2-butyl cation and the nonclassical ions, ambiguity existed. A major advance in reliably resolving such uncertainties... 

The 1-octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) is a frequently employed in environmental chemistry and toxicology as a measure of parameter of hydrophobidty. 

Measurement of parameters which cannot be related to SI, such as fat and fiber content of food and pH can be made traceable to other references according to the same principles as discussed above. 

Measurement of parameters that change, or may change, after removal of the water from the sampling point. 

Monitoring programs measuring total concentrations should include measures of parameters (environmental characteristics, for example, clay, organic carbon content, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and physical chemical properties of compounds that help to evaluate bioavailability. 

The same considerations hold true for the exchange parameter matrices J, as well as for the hyperfine matrices A encountered in EPR. An example of a measurement of parameter sets J can be found in Ref. 11. 

Following up the advances in the understanding of the X-ray absorption white lines (50,189, 203), Lm X-ray absorption-edge spectra have been used to characterize the chemical state of the absorber by measurement of parameters directly related to the d state density on the catalytic atoms. In particular, the white lines of Pt metal have been a favored subject for quantitative evaluation. An increase in the relative area of the white line corresponds to a decrease in population of the 6s, and, to a larger extent, of the 5d states in the valence band. There obviously exists a close correlation between the white-line area and edge shift since both reflect a decrease in electron population of the valence band. Not surprisingly, therefore, the coordination charge has also been correlated with the white-line area. 

Provides quantitative measure of parameters not resolved in the EPR spectrum itself. 

Methods for measurement of parameters used in SCM s have been described in the literature. Only a brief summary is presented here. Surface complexation model parameters that can be measured directly include, (1) the solid concentration, (2) surface site density, (3) surface area, and (4) equilibrium constants for the mass action equations describing all relevant adsorption reactions. The relation between surface charge and potential is calculated in geochemical equilibrium models. 

The search for rare processes, such as proton decay, neutrino oscillations, neutrinoless beta decay, precise measurements of parameters of known particles, experimental searches for dark matter represent the widely known forms of such means. 

For better characterization and understanding of meat characteristics, the potential of NMR spectroscopy and imaging has been illustrated." Authors demonstrate the energy metabolites in muscle, fatty acid components of animal fat, a quantitative measurement of parameters closely correlated with meat properties such as pH, cooking yield and water holding capacity at each point of an NMR imaging and so on. It is concluded that NMR is a powerful tool for meat research in comparison with other less expensive techniques. 

Numerical methods used to fit experimental data should, ideally, give parameter estimates that are unbiased with reliable estimates of precision. Therefore, determining the reliability of parameter estimates from simulated PPK studies is an absolute necessity since it may affect study outcome. Not only should bias and precision associated with parameter estimation be determined but also the confidence with which these parameters are estimated should be examined. Confidence interval estimates are a function of bias, standard error of parameter estimates, and the distribution of parameter estimates. Use of an informative design can have a significant impact on increasing precision. Paying attention to these measures of parameter estimation efficiency is critical to a simulation study outcome (6, 7). 

Analysts are increasingly confronted with measurements of parameters that do not represent the entire amount of a substance or element present in a matrix. These... 

Measurement of parameters of CVD function (pulse, blood pressure)... 

A semi-quantitative structure-taste relationship has been derived97 and extended98 for carbosulphamates using Corey-Pauling-Koltun (CPK) space-filling models for measurements of parameters. Structure-taste relationships for heterosulphamates were developed... 

Characteristic line shape functions can be observed in special cases as is shown in Fig. 1 by two examples. The so-called Pake doublet [11] is foimd for isolated spin pairs (see Fig. la). The spectrum shown in Fig. lb is observed if an NMR signal is mainly broadened by the chemical shift anisotropy. The analysis of the line shape function, /(v), allows the direct measurement of parameters like the internuclear distance, the chemical shift anisotropy, Aa, or the asymmetry parameter, i]csa> in these cases. 

Although the power of the single crystal method is evident, it suffers from a couple of significant limitations. Firstly, a single crystal of sufficient size, several mm in each dimension, with a typical volume of 50 mm, is necessary. Secondly, a specialised NMR probe incorporating a goniometer is required for the well-defined rotation of the sample, and such equipment is available in only a handful of laboratories worldwide. If, however, both the crystal and the equipment are available, this kind of study yields very precise measurements of parameters that are not available from diffraction techniques. 

Kulshreshtha et al. [83], as well as Mitra and Mukherjee [118], postulate the existence of paracrystallinity in ramie, jute, and hemp. The latter claim to have developed refinements to the techniques of measurement of parameters of the three-phase model for cellulose I [117]. Subsequently, by measuring the structural parameters relative to [002], [101], and [101] reflections, they show that the degrees of crystallinity and paracrystallinity determined for each of the three reflections are different (anisotropy) for each of the three fibers (ramie, jute, and hemp) [122]. The results also confirm that the greater the paracrystalline distortion, the smaller the paracrystallite size. 

On-line measurements of parameters such as ash, moisture, and sulfur use an inferential technique in which some property can be measured that in turn relates to the parameter in the material. 

Measurements of parameters by diverse instruments should provide consistent values under non-nominal pressure and temperature conditions. 

Long sampling line can delay measurement of parameter and subsequent control action (time for getting result of sample = volume of line/rate of draw of sample) + time required for analysis ... 

IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology (capacitors characteristics and parameters, measurements of parameters, technologies). 

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