Measurement basis

At the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) a long term program in highly accurate and precise stable Isotope measurements has provided the measurement basis to support research and development in the geological community and nuclear industry This technology transfer has occurred in the form of state-of-the-art instrumentation isotopic Standard Reference Materia 1s(SRM s) and methodology development for chemical separations and isotopic analysis In support of other NBS programs mass spectrometry has been used to accurately measure trace element concentrations in a wide variety of... 

Rating index for carbonisation is defined as file product of char yield, char heating value and total fiaction of carbon present in the char, where all values are on as-measured basis which is shown in equation (1). 

Rating index for making char adsorbents is defmed as product of char yield and char iodine adsorption value (taken in percentage weight on as-measured basis). 

Note that if the measurement basis coincides with the eigenbasis of the spin Hamiltonian, we have 7ki = 7,/, whence... 

There are also some limitations in the use of peak area as the measurement basis. As measurements other than those related to the top of the peak are used, the signal-to-noise ratio for peak area measurements is relatively poor compared with peak height measurements. Moreover, no overlap between successive flowing samples is permitted because the entire recorded peak is used for obtaining the analytical signal. Consequently, the sampling rate is greatly reduced. 

Quantitative precipitation may be observed after a few seconds, and can be confirmed by potentiometry, but turbidity is sometimes observed only after several weeks [9]. Therefore, the timing of turbidimetric procedures is generally a very important aspect of system design [55]. In this context, the rate of turbidity formation can be selected as the measurement basis for kinetic procedures, as elegantly demonstrated in the flow injection determination of immunoglobulin G in serum [56]. 

Biogenic amine neurotransmitter-related compounds 0.1 mol I, 1 phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 4.1—6.6 Spectrophotometry Baseline-to-baseline time as the measurement basis [72]... 

Eor each method, DLs are taken from several (2-10) different references, typically interpreted as the number of references consulted, from which data were extracted, but occasionally as a combination of the reference consulted and those listed therein some duplication of information is to be expected. Values are different due to different instruments, conditions, definitions (2 s, 3 s, etc.) which were not rationalized to a common basis but accepted as is. Estimation of DLs is just that, an estimation from measurements with an RSD in the vicinity of 50%, negating, in this author s opinion, the need for very firm decisions on a uniform measurement basis. Eor each element, a best (lowest) DL was selected and a median value was calculated from the range of values tabulated median values (with some rounding) were selected for listing in this table as a representation of typical detection limits. 

These are deviations or components that are frequently called error. Random deviations are -I- or - values that have an expected mean of zero over the long run. The distribution of these terms is assumed to be approximately normal but in practice it is usually sufficient if the distribution is unimodal. The value of each random term influences the measured r, value on an individual measurement basis. However in the long run. when r, values are averaged over a substantial number of measurements, the influence of the random terms may be greatly diminished or eliminated depending on the sampling and replication plan, since each term averages out to zero (or approximately zero) and the mean y, is essentially unperturbed. 

The objective of this work is to analyse the conformity of the roughness parameters measured with an optoelectronic profilometer in order to make the measurement results equivalent with those obtained with traditional contact devices. The working parameters of the optoelectronic profilometer are controlled by software and based on filters which are modified depending on the measurement basis, chromatic fragmentation of the white light in this case. However, these parameters substantially differ from the usual contact profilometers (cut-off, evaluation length. 

Because we have only one major railway in New Zealand there is a real need for us to have some basic performance measures available from worldwide sources to allow definition of tolerable safety performance of our railway and effectiveness of safety regulation. The principal purpose of our interest in international benchmarking is to allow us to gauge the safety of our industry relative to best practice standards so far as valid and reliable comparisons can be made, to provide a measurable basis of continuous improvement. (Atkinson, 1999)... 

There are also other possible ways to measure basis weight, such as X-ray tubes to generate radiation, or spectroscopic methods, but currently they cannot compete with the sensors based on radioactive radiation. 

---