Biogenic amine neurotransmitter

Rudnick, G (1997) Mechanism of biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters. In Neurotransmitter Transporters. Humana Press, New York, pp 1-28, 73-100. 

Electrochemical techniques in vivo use the standard three electrode voltammetric system described earlier with the electrodes implanted in the brain of the animal subject. Measurements are made by acquiring some stable baseline signal and then stimulating release of the biogenic amine neurotransmitters. The change in signal is then a measure of the concentration of neurotransmitter in the extracellular fluid. 

Chen, N. and Reith, M. E. (2002) structure-function relationships for biogenic amine neurotransmitter transporters, in Neurotransmitter Transporters (Reith, M. E ed.), Humana Press, Totowa. NJ, pp. 53-109. 

Changes in biogenic amine neurotransmitters in post-mortem brains from suicide victims. 

Iproniazid, an MAOI no longer available because of its hepatotoxicity, was the first effective antidepressant to be discovered it was introduced shortly before the discovery of imipramine. All MAOIs are presumed to have a similar mode of action, namely to inhibit the intra- and interneuronal metabolism of the biogenic amine neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin). These amines are primarily metabolized by MAO-A (noradrenaline and serotonin) or MAO-B (dopamine). The irreversible MAOIs are inhibitors of MAO-A while selegiline (deprenyl), used as an adjunctive treatment for Parkinson s disease, is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B. 

Conditions mimicking MDD can occur secondary to a wide variety of prescribed and illicit agents. With some drugs, the syndrome occurs as a direct and immediate effect. For example, some antihypertensive agents (e.g., reserpine, a-methyidopa) acutely antagonize central biogenic amine neurotransmitter systems. 

Strong sensory stimuli (e.g. 90 dB sound) can precipitate tonic-clonic seizures in some strains of mice, the DBA/2 strain being particularly susceptible, while posturally induced seizures in "epileptic-like" mice have been extensively studied and have been shown to be associated with abnormalities in both the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and various biogenic amine neurotransmitters. 

Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mitochondrial enzymes that oxidatively deaminate endogenous biogenic amine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. MAOs are like EMOs in that they catalyze the oxidation of drugs to produce drug metabolites that are identical in chemical structures to those formed by CYPs. Because the resulting structures are... 

Most neurons are selective for the production and release of only one neurotransmitter. However, recent findings indicate that there are many neurons that contain and release more than one neurotransmitter. Often a biogenic amine neurotransmitter is co-localized with a peptide or an amino acid neurotransmitter. Co-localized neurotransmitters are not necessarily released by the same stimuli. With the number of currently identified neurotransmitters in the brain, the number of potential combinations for co-localization is tremendous. This area of research highlights the complexities of... 

Rudnick G, Clark J. 1993. From synapse to vesicle the reuptake and storage of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1144 249-63... 

Biogenic amine neurotransmitter-related compounds 0.1 mol I, 1 phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 4.1—6.6 Spectrophotometry Baseline-to-baseline time as the measurement basis [72]... 

Most spider neurotoxins characterized to date have been found to be low molecular weight organic molecules (inorganic ions and salts, free acids and ami-noacids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and acylpolyamines), peptides, or proteins. Polyamines and a variety of polypeptides with a molecular mass ranging from 3000 to 8000 Da appear to represent the main toxic compounds in spiders. More than 60 peptide toxins have been described to date, whose presence can be confirmed by reversed-phase LC. Peptides can be easily distinguished from polyamines because of their different retention times and by ultraviolet detection using a diode-array detector. 

Fig. 2.3. Diagnostic flow-chart in the differentiation of defects of biogenic amine neurotransmitter metabolism. The correct differential diagnosis depends on the pattern of amines and their metabolites in either urine, CSF or plasma. represents increased values, [ represents lowered values. 5HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid HVA homovanillic acid 5HT serotonin 30MD 3-0-methyldopa DOPAC dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3MT 3-methoxytyramine NMN norme-tanephrine VMA vanillylmandelic acid DOPS dihydroxyphenylserine MHPG 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol Y yes N no. Plasma and CSF levels have not been analysed but they probably reflect those seen in urine. For interpretation of quantitative results see pathological values.

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