Maze tests

FIGURE 10 Effect of bethanechol on memory in lesioned rats. Be-thanechol was released from PCPP-SA 50 50 implanted intracerebrally in rats. The effect of the bethanechol released on the performance of lesioned rats in a radial maze test was performed as described in the text. 

Skrebuhhova, T., Allikmets, L. Matto, V. (1999). 5-HT2A receptors mediate the effects of antidepressants in the elevated plus-maze test but have a partial role in the forced swim test. Med. Sci. Res., 27, 277-80. 

Initial evidence linking Hebb s coincidence detection rule to learning and memory. As the unique receptor in the brain with the coincidence-detection property, the NMDA receptor is an ideal candidate to gate the formation of memory at the synaptic level. Early observations demonstrated that infusion of NMDA receptor blockers into brain ventricles resulted in animals poor performance in the hidden-platform water maze. At first, this seemed to provide evidence for the role of hippocampal LTP in memory formation. Unfortunately, careful analyses revealed that poor performances in the water maze tests... 

Striped bass, Morone saxatilis, juveniles develop in estuaries, notably Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay. Juveniles school during the day but disperse and feed at night. Schools provide the advantages of improved prey location, predator avoidance, and swimming hydrodynamics. How are the fish attracted to each other In Y-maze tests in the laboratory, juveniles are attracted to both... 

Stress results in alterations in behavior and physiology that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Although mice deficient in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase type VIII (ACS) exhibit indices of anxiety comparable with that of wildtype mice at baseline, ACS KO mice do not show normal increases in behavioral features of anxiety when subjected to repeated stress such as repetitive or post-restraint stress testing in the elevated plus maze test (Schaefer et al. 2000). Although these findings suggest a role for ACS in the modulation of anxiety, the mechanism by which ACS deficiency results in impaired stress-... 

Tad mice were also studied in the zero-maze test, which is considered to provide a specific and sensitive readout of the anxiety state of an animal. The zero-maze device consists of an elevated annular platform, divided into two... 

It is interesting to note that pharmacological blockage of NKl receptors also revealed anxiolytic effects in the plus-maze test when mice from the 129/Sv strain (Santarelh et al. 2001), but not from other strains (Rodgers et al. 2004), were used. Thus, the anxiolytic effect of NKl receptor antagonists seems to be more sensitive to effects of the genetic background as compared to benzodiazepines. It is also possible that the relative contribution of the SP-NK1 system in the modulation of anxiety is situation dependent. The basal corticosterone levels in the blood plasma of NKIR and NK1 mice do not differ in low-stress situations, but the increase after the stressful elevated plus-maze test is blunted in the knockout animals (Santarelh et al. 2001). 

Aguiar MS, Brandao ML (1996) Effects of microinjections of the neuropeptide substance P in the dorsal periaqueductal gray on the behaviour of rats in the plus-maze test. Physiol Behav 60 1183-1186... 

Silvestre J, Fernandez AG, Palacios JN (1999) Effects of rolipram on the elevated plus-maze test in rats a preliminary study. J Psychopharmacol 13 274-277 Sousa N, Lukoyanov NV, Madeira MD, Almeida OF, Paula-Barbosa MM (2000) Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapsed after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvements. Neuroscience 97 253-266 Stanciu M, Radulovic J, Spiess J (2001) Phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein in the mouse brain after fear conditioning relationship to Fos production. Mol Brain Res 94 15-24... 

Vale A, Green S, Montgomery AM, Shall S (1998) The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-NAME produces anxiogenic-like effects in the rat elevated plus-maze test, but not in the social interaction test. J Psychopharmacol 12 268-272 Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41 -residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and p-endorphin. Science 213 1394-1397... 

Intracerebroventricular administration of ANP ehcited anxiolytic activity in the open field, the social interaction, and the elevated plus maze tests (Biro et al. 1999 Bhattacharya et al. 1996). The effects of central and peripheral administration of atriopeptin II, a 23 amino acid residue peptide of ANP, was furthermore investigated in the elevated plus maze test in rats previously exposed to a social defeat stress. Results show that the intracerebroventricular, intra-amygdala, and intraperitoneal administration of atriopeptin II produced anxiolytic effects without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity (Strdhle et al. 1997). 

FICURE 1-1. Intracerebral infusion of antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) that were targeted to the cloned CRH, and CRH2 receptor mRNA prevent translation into the receptor protein. Only a knock-down of the CRH, receptor, but not of the CRH2 receptor, reduces anxiety-related behavior in rats that were exposed to the elevated plus-maze test after central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) administration. P <. 05, P <. 01. 

In a passive avoidance procedure in the rat, low doses of ondansetron reversed the scopolamine-induced memory deficit, whereas tropisetron was ineffective. However, in the Morris water-maze test, tropisetron but not ondansetron counteracted the learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine [Pitsikas and Borsini 1997]. 

Simple learning tests are, for instance, habituation to a tone, passive avoidance, simple tests of operant learning, simple maze tests (e.g. T or Y... 

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