Matter classification system

The ASTM Glassification. The ASTM classification system was adopted in 1938 as a standard means of specification. This system is used in the United States and in many other parts of the world, and is designated D388 in the ASTM Standards (18). The higher rank coals are specified by fixed carbon >69%, or for volatile matter <31%, on a dry, mineral-free basis. Lower rank coals are classified by calorific value on the moist, mineral-matter-free... 

Coal classification is the grouping of different coals according to certain qualities or properties, such as coal type, rank, carbon-hydrogen ratio, and volatile matter. Thus, due to the worldwide occurrence of coal deposits, the numerous varieties of coal that are available, and its many uses, many national coal classification systems have been developed. These systems often are based on characteristics of domestic coals without reference to coals of other countries. However, it is unfortunate that the terms used to describe similar or identical coals are not used uniformly in the various systems. 

Determination of the volatile matter content of coal (ASTM D-3175 ISO 562) is an important determination because volatile matter data are an integral part of coal classification systems (Chapter 1) and form the basis of evaluating coals for their suitability for combustion and carbonization. The methods for determining volatile matter content are based on the same principle and consist of heating a weighed sample of coal (usually about 1 g) in a covered crucible to a... 

The fixed-carbon value is one of the values used in determining the efficiency of coal-burning equipment. It is a measure of the solid combustible material that remains after the volatile matter in coal has been removed. For this reason, it is also used as an indication of the yield of coke in a coking process. Fixed carbon plus ash essentially represents the yield of coke. Fixed-carbon values, corrected to a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, are used as parameters in the coal classification system (ASTM D-388). 

The classification of coal (ASTM D-388) depends on calculation of the volatile matter yield and fixed carbon values on a dmmf basis. Calorific values are calculated on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The Parr formula is used in the classification system to calculate the mineral matter from ash and sulfur data. 

Thus, as a practical matter, it is possible to establish a risk-based hazardous waste classification system by focusing on intrusion scenarios that are essentially generic. In reaching this conclusion, it is... 

NCRP reiterates that the risk-based waste classification system developed in this Report does not, and cannot, obviate the need to establish waste acceptance criteria at each hazardous waste disposal site based on the characteristics of the site, the particular disposal technology, and characteristics of the wastes that are intended for disposal at the site. NCRP expects that most waste that would be assigned to a particular class will be acceptable for disposal using the associated type of disposal technology indicated in Figure 6.1. However, the disposal capabilities of particular sites and engineered systems can vary substantially and can depend on the waste characteristics. The primary function of any waste classification system is to facilitate development of cost-effective approaches to waste management and disposal and effective communication on waste matters (see Section 2.1.2). 

Development of a comprehensive and risk-based hazardous waste classification system, in which waste classes are defined in relation to types of disposal systems that are expected to be generally acceptable in protecting public health, would not obviate the need to establish waste acceptance criteria at each disposal site based on the characteristics of the site and engineered disposal facility and the properties of wastes intended for disposal therein. The primary purposes of a hazardous waste classification system are to facilitate cost-effective management and disposal of waste and effective communication on waste matters. 

The USPTO classifies claimed subject matter according to an internal classification system whose mysteries are not completely fathomable to the common man. The Index to the United States can be found at www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspcindex/indextouspc.html. 

Notice that the classification system for matter, shown in the Concept Organizer, is based mainly on the changes that matter undergoes ... 

To explain how and why these chemical changes occur, you must look deeper into matter. You must look at its composition. This is what you will do in the next chapter. You will see how examining the composition of matter leads to a different classification system the periodic table. You will also see how the periodic table allows chemists to make predictions about the properties and behaviour of matter. 

Classification, as exemplified by the system employed by the United States Patent Office, groups together in fixed compartments items having certain common features. In the Patent Office classification, the subject matter of the patent is analyzed by the classifier in terms of the features on which the classification system is built. Terminology ranging from the highly generic, e.g., carbon compounds, toys, medicines, poisons, and... 

The basic limitation inherent in conventional classification is the inflexibility of a rigid system of compartmentalization. Once a large number of patents have been sorted out according to one classification system, rearrangement in accord with some other system requires much effort on the part of some person having expert knowledge of the subject matter. 

One of the most important products of Al-Razi s work was his classification system. Although the four elements that had developed from earlier roots remained at the heart of the theory of matter, Al-Razi s interest in practical application led him to create a broader method of grouping materials, in large... 

The literature of the commercial development of hydrocarbons derivable from petroleum and natural gas is meager until about 1935. Since 1945, the literature has become extensive. This study includes the paraffins, olefins, alicyclics, aromatics, acetylene, and separation processes. Journals and sections of journals of value are discussed. The main subject heads to be consulted in Chemical Abstracts are given. There is considerable overlapping of subject matter in the U. S. patent classification system pertinent classes are listed. References in the bibliography were selected to show the various types available. 

In terms of coal grade, the grade of a coal establishes its economic value for a specific end use. Grade of coal refers to the amount of mineral matter that is present in the coal and is a measure of coal quality. Sulfur content, ash fusion temperature (i.e., the temperature at which measurement the ash melts and fuses), and quantity of trace elements in coal are also used to grade coal. Although formal classification systems have not been developed around grade of coal, grade is important to the coal user. 

European and American researchers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries proposed several coal classification systems. The earliest, published in Paris in 1837 by Henri-Victor Regnault (1810-1878), classified coal types according to their proximate analysis (determination of component substances, by percentage), that is, by their percentages of moisture, combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash. This system is still favored, in modified form, by many American coal scientists (Speight, 2005). 

Even though there have been serious, and successful, attempts to define coal by means of a variable series of classification systems, there is now, in the modern world, a potential lapse in the information. And that relates to the environmental issues. Other than comparing data (such as is provided by elemental analyses, Table 2.10), there is no other means by which the potential environmental liability of coal usage can be determined. Nor, for that matter, might there ever be, but such a possibility is always worthy of consideration as coal science and technology evolves and moves into the era of clean coal technology (Chapter 22). 

Suarez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008). Indeed, it would be most surprising if this were not the case in view of the differences in ultimate composition alone of the various macerals (Table 4.10). Furthermore, it appears that no two coals (no matter how close their relationship is in the various classification systems) have exactly the same petrographic composition and, consequently, the... 

As already mentioned, less than 5% of bachelors level civil engineering students actually go forward to specialize in geotechnics. In a number of major colleges, the outdated curriculum in soil mechanics is driving away the best students because the faculty harp on the mundane issues of old and archaic subject matter within our discipline i.e., Atterbeig limits. Unified Soil Classification System, AASHTO system, soil compaction, time-rate-of consolidation, flow... 

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