Maternal

Lead is known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity. Decreased sperm counts and abnormal sperm development have been reported in male workers heavily exposed to lead. Increased incidences of spontaneous abortion have been reported in female lead workers as well as in the wives of male lead workers (13). Lead crosses the placenta and has been found to cause irreversible neurologic impairment to the fetus at maternal blood levels as... 

Stannous chloride, an FDA-approved direct food additive with GRAS status, has also been extensively studied (59—62). In three FDA-sponsored studies, it was determined that stannous chloride is nonmutagenic in rats when administered orally up to 50 mg/kg to pregnant mice for ten consecutive days, stannous chloride has no discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival and, when administered orally at 41.5 mg/kg to pregnant rabbits for 13 consecutive days, it produced no discernible effect on nidation or on maternal or fetal survival (63—65). 

In general, maternal stores of vitamin B 2 are considered adequate to meet the demands of pregnancy. 

The penicillins in general, ate renowned for their lack of toxicity. The most common adverse effect of the use of penicillins is an allergic reaction which can change from a mild rash to fatal anaphylactic shock in rate cases. AH penicillins cross the placenta and ate excreted in maternal milk. However, the relative freedom from toxicity tenders these compounds valuable agents during pregnancy and lactation. 

Studies in which pregnant rats and mice were exposed to 1250 ppm of methylene chloride for seven hours a day on days 6—15 of gestation indicated no significant maternal, embryonal, or fetal toxicity (34). Methylene chloride was shown to be nonteratogenetic to either animal at the concentration studied. 

Phytoestrogen Maternal plasma Cord plasma Amniotie fluid... 

Parvovirus B-iy Maternal metabolic imbalances Alcoholism Cretinism Diabetes... 

Woche,/. week (pi.) lying-in, confinement. Wochen-. weekly lying-in, obstetric, puerperal, maternity, -bett, n. childbed, -binde, /. sanitary napkin, -fluss, m. lochia, wochenlang, adv. for weeks. 

MMI and PTU can lead to methimazole embryopathy with choanal or esophageal atresia. In pregnant women the antithyroid diug dose should be minimized to prevent fetal hypothyroidism by maintaining the maternal free thyroxine serum level slightly above the upper limit of normal. 

AVP plays a central role in water homeostasis of terrestrial mammals, leading to water conservation by the kidney. OT is primarily involved in milk ejection, parturition and in sexual and maternal behaviour. Both hormones are pqDtides secreted by the neurohypophysis, and both act also as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). The major hormonal targets for AVP are the renal tubules and vascular myocytes. The hormonal targets for OT are the myoepithelial cells... 

Alterations in fetal and maternal heart rates and maternal blood pressure frequently occur when ritodrine is administered IV. Additional frequent adverse reactions associated with IV administration include nausea, vomiting, headache, palpitations, nervousness, restlessness, and emotional upset. A rare, but serious, adverse reaction is pulmonary edema... 

Monitoring and Managing Adverse Reactions The nurse monitors die maternal and fetal vital signs every 15 minutes during administrations of die drug. The nurse monitors uterine contractions frequently diroughout infusion. 

Infants born to mothers whose HBsAg status is unknown should receive the first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine series within 12 hours of birth. Maternal blood should be drawn at the time of delivery to determine the mother s HBsAg status if the HBsAg test is positive, the infant should receive HBIG as soon as possible (no later than age 1 week). 

Prenatal and postnatal development, including maternal function... 

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