Materials selection, life-cycle

The parasite-host interaction continuously exerts selective pressure(s) on both insects to survive. The host insect presents a particularly challenging environment for endoparasites because of the rapid development and differentiation that characterize parasite and host life cycles (21,22, 80, 81). Endoparasites may exploit a variety of agents to suppress or avoid host defenses and to modify the normal development of the host to match their need polydnaviruses, venoms, oviduct secretions, and protective materials coating the parasite egg or produced by the endo-parasite as it develops within its host. 

Section 8 outlines the following criteria for selection of measurement devices measurement span, performance, reliability, materials of construction, prior use, potential for releasing process materials to the environment, electrical classification, physical access, invasive or noninvasive, and life-cycle cost. 

There are no simple rules of thumb in defining the cost of reinforced plastic components. Their successful use has resulted from proper design, utilizing the benefits these materials offer, process selection, tooling cost advantages that fit the production needs, and consideration of life cycle economics. Each existing application illustrates the cost-performance advantage of reinforced plastic over the traditional material that is displaced. 

The extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes, use/reuse, and disposal represent the basic stages of a solvent s life cycle. Each stage of a solvent s life cycle generates a variety of environmental burdens. Environmental-impact evaluation qualitatively assesses the life-cycle stages for chemical solvents. The goal of this evaluation is to select environmentally preferable solvents that can best minimize these life-cycle impacts. 

The focus of this program was to evaluate the environmental impacts of the current standard material formulations and alternative formulations.95 The partnership used a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach to examine the impacts of heat stabilizers, polymer systems, and flame-retardants used in insulation and jacketing for selected wire and cable products. The project began in March 2004 and the report was issued in May 2008.96... 

The characteristics of batteries include the values of some properties of the batteries that are necessary for the selection and use of the batteries in a specific application. The characteristics of the batteries are defined by the chemistry of the battery, that is, by the materials used for the construction of the battery (electrodes and electrolyte). The most common properties or characteristics used for the selection of a battery system are energy density, capacity, operating voltage, operating temperature, service life, cycle life (for secondary... 

It is important to note that LCA is a tool to evaluate all environmental effects of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. This includes identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, assessing their environmental impact, and evaluating opportunities for improvement. LCA can also be used in various ways to evaluate alternatives including in-process analysis, material selection, product evaluation, product comparison, and policy-... 

D) Cleaner Product Design => Materials Selection Minimising Quantity End Of Life Manufacturing Steps Manufacturing Process Life Cycle Analysis... 

Topics covered include life cycle analysis, identifying and prioritizing pollutants for industrial sites, selecting environmentally compatible materials, design of unit operations for waste minimization, and pollution prevention economics. 

Selection of fluoropolymers is an integral part of the overall material selection process. This implies that all the available materials such metals, ceramics, and plastics are considered candidates for an application. The end user then considers these materials against established criteria such as required life, mean time between inspection (MTBI), ease of fabrication, frequency of inspection, extent of maintenance and, of course, capital cost. More often than not it is the initial capital cost, rather than the life cycle cost of equipment, that affects the decision made during the material selection step. However, the most important piece of data is the corrosion resistance of a material in the medium under consideration over the life of the equipment. This information is available in a different format for plastics than for metals. A comparison is appropriate. 

Few basic decisions affect the hazard potential of a plant more than the initial choice of technology. Early in development there is a great deal of freedom in the selection of chemistry, solvents, raw materials, process intermediates, unit operations, plant location, and other process parameters. As the process moves through its life cycle, it becomes more difficult and expensive to change the basic process. 

The selection of the ideal processes and materials with which to produce a given design cannot be an independent activity. It must be a continuing activity that takes place throughout the design life cycle, from initial conception to production. Material selection and process selection need to be considered together they should not be considered independently. 

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