Material fuel system

Revised fuel system materials for methanol compatibility... 

The reactive species that iaitiate free-radical oxidatioa are preseat ia trace amouats. Exteasive studies (11) of the autoxidatioa mechanism have clearly estabUshed that the most reactive materials are thiols and disulfides, heterocycHc nitrogen compounds, diolefins, furans, and certain aromatic-olefin compounds. Because free-radical formation is accelerated by metal ions of copper, cobalt, and even iron (12), the presence of metals further compHcates the control of oxidation. It is difficult to avoid some metals, particularly iron, ia fuel systems. 

Compatibility and Corrosion. Gas turbine fuels must be compatible with the elastomeric materials and metals used in fuel systems. Elastomers are used for O-rings, seals, and hoses as well as pump parts and tank coatings. Polymers tend to swell and to improve their sealing abiUty when in contact with aromatics, but degree of swell is a function of both elastomer-type and aromatic molecular weight. Rubbers can also be attacked by peroxides that form in fuels that are not properly inhibited (see Elastomers, synthetic Rubber, natural). 

Fusion Machine Country Fuel System First Wall Heat Load (MW/m2) First Wall Material Divertor or Limiter Heat Load (MW/m2) Divertor of Limiter Material... 

All of the theoretically possible high-energy (and potentially hazardous) oxidant-fuel systems have been considered for use, and many have been evaluated, in rocket propulsion systems (with apparently the sole exception of the most potent combination, liquid ozone-liquid acetylene). Some of the materials which have been examined are listed below, and it is apparent that any preparative reactions deliberately involving oxidant-fuel pairs must be conducted under controlled conditions with appropriate precautions to limit the rate of energy release. 

The material streams, states, and their balances are divided into four categories namely raw materials, intermediates, products, and fuel system. All material balances are carried out on a mass basis. However, volumetric flow rates are used in the case where quality attributes of some streams only blend by volume. 

Constraint (3.5) is the fuel system material balance where the term represents the caloric value equivalent for each intermediate cir CB used in the fuel system at plant i I. The fuel production system can either consist of a single or combination of intermediates u,cr c r i and products The matrix (3crjfip... 

Ammonium perchlorate (NH ClO ) This is a good oxidizer, and can be used to make excellent propellants and colored flames. However, it is a self-contained oxidizer-fuel system (much like ammonium nitrate). The mixing of NH f (fuel) and ClOa (oxidizer) occurs at the ionic level. The potential for an explosion cannot be ignored. Conclusion if this material is used, it must be treated with respect and minimum quantities of bulk powder should be prepared. 

R D on Fundamental Technology for Fuel Cells. This project is aimed at fundamental R D for fuel cell development and is conducted by national institutes (e.g. the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology). Basic technology research will be conducted in order to achieve drastic upgrades in materials and system components. The budget allocations for 2001-2003 total 1.8 billion the 2003 allocation is 726 million. 

Rouge is a term used to describe the fine, almost powderlike corrosion material which develops on the inside walls of fuel system equipment. Pipelines, storage tanks, and transfer lines which have rust buildup and accumulation on the internal surfaces are continually releasing low levels of rouge or rust into fuel. 

The primary considerations for the use of plastic materials in fuel and oil systems include resistance to swelling, softening, or embrittlement. Also important are flexibility and stability under a wide range of temperatures. Information on some common elastomers and plastics used in fuel systems is provided in TABLE 9-8. 

Sulfttr Content. The amount of sulfur in crude is important in terms of handling the crude within the refinery and the undesirable effects of sulfur in finished products. High-sulfur crudes require special materials of construction for refinery equipment because of their corrosiveness. Certain refinery processes require desulfurization of sour charge stocks prior to use as a feedstock, not only because of their corrosiveness, but also because of the effect of sulfur-bearing compounds on expensive catalysts, From the standpoint of the consumer, sulfurous gasoline has an unforgettably offensive odor unless specially sweetened and it may corrode the fuel system and engine parts, as well as pollute the atmosphere after it has been burned,... 

Recently more sophisticated models have been developed for describing the steady state vaporization behavior of U Zr C,./-8 and U Nb C, y9 in high temperature, high pressure H2. The principal purpose of these studies was to assess the performance of these fuel systems in nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) applications using H2 propellant. Vaporization rates and melting temperatures may be the two primary processes that limit the operating temperature and lifetime of the structural and fissionable materials in NTP systems. When the atom fraction of U is <0.1, the... 

---