Fuel system material balance

Constraint (3.5) is the fuel system material balance where the term represents the caloric value equivalent for each intermediate cir CB used in the fuel system at plant i I. The fuel production system can either consist of a single or combination of intermediates u,cr c r i and products The matrix (3crjfip... 

Defining hydrogen fuel quality specifications is a high priority for the Roadmap. Such specifications must be quantified at the vehicle-station interface and must consider how the presence of small amounts of contaminants affects the performance and durability of fuel cell and balance of plant material compatibility of onboard and stationary hydrogen storage systems and the operation and maintenance of hydrogen production, purification, and delivery systems. Most importantly, fuel quality specification must consider... 

The material streams, states, and their balances are divided into four categories namely raw materials, intermediates, products, and fuel system. All material balances are carried out on a mass basis. However, volumetric flow rates are used in the case where quality attributes of some streams only blend by volume. 

A conceptual material balance of a refinery producing 100,000 bbl/ day of fuel oil from coal was calculated (Table IV) based on the bench-scale data obtained by the authors and the published data available. In this projection, a coal containing 7.5% moisture, 10% ash, and 2.5% total sulfur is used as the feed. The hydrogenation can be performed in any type of reactor system in the ranges of 500°-550°C and 2000-3000 psi. The process conditions will be optimized for a coal conversion of about 80%. The hydrocarbon gases produced in the process will be used... 

The critical technology development areas are advanced materials, manufacturing techniques, and other advancements that will lower costs, increase durability, and improve reliability and performance for all fuel cell systems and applications. These activities need to address not only core fuel cell stack issues but also balance of plant (BOP) subsystems such as fuel processors hydrogen production, delivery, and storage power electronics sensors and controls air handling equipment and heat exchangers. Research and development areas include ... 

On the sourcing side, the slow but steady reduction of fuel and basic raw materials will induce further cost pressure on production. These can only be tackled through flexible and optimized production systems based on concepts that take purchasing power, the supply-demand balance, and strategic orientation into account. 

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