Mastic acid

N.A. Alpha-masticoresin, beta-masticoresin, alpha-pinene, tannins, masticin, mastic acid.99 As an expectorant for bronchial troubles and coughs, treat diarrhea. 

Mallol Malonic acid Malvin Mannitol Margaric acid Massoilactone Mastic acid Masticin Matatabic acid Matatabiether Matatabistic acid Maysin Meconic acid... 

Mastic. Most commercial mastic [61789-92-2] is collected on the Greek island of Chios, near the Turkish coast. It is a soft resin with a softening point of 55°C. It has an acid number of 50—70 and a saponification number of 62—90. It is soluble in alcohols and aryl hydrocarbons. Mastic is used in wood coatings, lacquers, adhesives, and printing inks. 

A sodium salts of resin acids 38 12.0 60 creamed Latex 842A mastics... 

The hydrohalide is usually prepared by passing hydrogen chloride into a solution of masticated high-grade raw rubber in benzene at 10°C for about six hours. Excess acid is then neutralised and plasticisers and stabilisers are added. The benzene is removed by steam distillation and the product washed and dried. Alternatively the solution is cast on to a polychloroprene rubber belt, leaving a tough film after evaporation of the solvent. 

Chlorinated rubber is usually prepared by bubbling chlorine into a solution of masticated rubber in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as carbon tetrachloride. Hydrochloric acid is removed during the reaction. The solvent may be removed by vacuum or steam distillation or by precipitation of the derivative by a non-solvent such as petroleum. 

The design of a proper delivery system requires a knowledge of the G.I.tract (i). The nature of the gastric acidic and enzymatic medium has been elucidated. More recently Davis (2) and Harris (3) have studied the rate of emptying of the stomach. Dressman (4) has clinically followed pH variations in both the empty stomach and after a meal finding that sinusoidal pH reductions occur during mastication of solid food, whereas the duodenum maintains a relatively constant pH during introduction of the chyme. 

The vulcanization recipe wasi EPDM 100, stearic acid 1.0, zinc oxide 5 0, accelerator M 0.5, TMTD 1.5, HAF 50, sulfur 1.5 phr. Peroxide-curing of E-P copolymers was carried out with a modified procedure of (6) EPR 100, dicumyl peroxide 3, zinc oxide 3, TMTD 0.5, HAF 50, sulfur 0.2 phr, the mixture being masticated for 20 minutes at 0-50°C and cured at lb0°G. 

Terebinthales Anacardiaceae Pistacia (mastic) Euphanes (masticadienonic acid, isomasticadienonic acid), oleanananes (oleanonic acid, moronic acid), dammaranes... 

Moronic, isomasticadienonic and masticadienonic acids are considered as characteristic and diagnostic molecules for assessing the presence of mastic resin in ancient samples [2,88,94,123,124],... 

Dammar resin was introduced into Europe in the nineteenth century, mainly as a paint varnish It is still used today since it has good optical properties and low acidity. It is derived from various species (the genus Hopea and Shorea of the Dipterocarpaceae family). It is characterised by tetracyclic triterpenoids of the dammarane series and contains minor amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids of the series of olanane, ursane and hopane. It also contains a polymeric fraction named polycadinene or [S-resene. Dammar resin triterpenoids undergo oxidation with ageing, as described for the components of mastic resin. 

V.P. Papageorgiou, M.N. Bakola Christianopolou, K.K. Apazidou, E.E. Psarros, Gas chroma tographic mass spectroscopic analysis of the acidic triterpenic fraction of mastic gum, Journal of Chromatography A, 769, 263 273 (1997). 

Figure 12.4 THM GC/MS curve of mastic resin. Peak assignments 1, nor f3 amyrone 2, (8R) 3 oxo hydroxypolipoda 13E,17E,21 triene 3, nor 28 olean 18 en 3 one 4, moronic acid methyl ester 5, oleanonic acid methyl ester 6, oleanonic aldehyde 7,8, (iso)masticadienonic acid methyl ester...

Several studies have dealt with the problem of discriminating between mastic and dammar, and three marker compounds of mastic have been identified moronic, masticadienonic and acetyl masticadienolic acids [42], The chemical structure of (iso)masticadienonic acid and 3-0-acetyl-3-epi(iso)masticadienonic acid is characterized by a side chain, as for dammarane molecules, but with a carboxylic acid end group (Table 12.1). Under pyrolysis conditions this side chain is susceptible to cleavage as demonstrated by the presence, among the pyrolysis products of mastic, of 2-methyl-pent-2,4-dienoic acid, that perfectly matches with the chemical structure of the side chain end. In addition 3-(9-acetyl-3-epi-(iso)masticadienolic acid also loses the acetyl group and, in contrast to masticadienonic acid, is not detected at all. 

The absorption efficiency of the different carotenoids is variable. For example, (3-cryptoxanthin has been reported to have higher absorption efficiency than a-cryptoxanthin in rats (Breithaupt and others 2007). Carotenoids must be liberated from the food before they can be absorbed by intestinal cells (Faulks and Southon 2005). Mechanical disruption of the food by mastication, ingestion, and mixing leads to carotenoid liberation (Guyton and Hall 2001). The enzymatic and acid-mediated hydrolysis of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (chemical breaking of the food) also contributes to carotenoids liberation from the food matrix (Faulks and Southon 2005). Once released, carotenoids must be dissolved in oil droplets, which are emulsified with the aqueous components of the chyme. When these oil droplets are mixed with bile in the small intestine, their size is reduced, facilitating the hydrolytic processing of lipids by the pancreatic enzymes (Pasquier and others 1996 Furr and Clark 1997 ... 

Figure 7.10 Some triterpenoid compounds found in mastic (Pistacia resin) (a) moronic acid, (b) oleanonic acid, (c) zsomasticadienonic acid, (d) masticadienonic acid.

Food is taken into the buccal cavity, where it is masticated by the teeth and mixed with saliva from three pairs of salivary glands. It moistens the food and dissolves some molecules enabling them to interact with the taste receptors on the tongue. Saliva contains Na% Cl and HCOs ions and a protein, mucin, which is a component of mucus that lubricates the chewed food on its way down the oesophagus. The pH of saliva is about 7.8, which neutralises acid formed by bacteria in the mouth this protects tooth enamel... 

In some cases adsorption of the ion resulting in precipitation may promote apparent hydrolysis, as instanced in the case of Fuller s earth (p. 187), thus if gum mastic suspension in water, a negative colloid, be floated on a solution of copper sulphate the copper ions will be adsorbed and the solution will be left feebly acid—a phenomenon noted by Spring (Bee. d. Trav. Ghim. d. Pavs-Bas, ly. 215, 1900). 

Fig. 23. Polymerization of monomers in masticating polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate. Curves 1-6 1 ml methacrylic acid, styrene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate, respectively, in 3 g polystyrene. Curves 7-12 2 ml methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, styrene, and vinyl acetate, respectively, in 3g polymethyl methacrylate. The limiting viscosity numbers for points along Curves 2 and 3...

The polymer was masticated in the internal mixer for 5 min then ZnO and stearic acid were added. Curing agents were added on a two-roll mill and dispersed during 15 min of milling. 

Those wliich yield a volatile oil when distilled with water and one or more acid resins, as in the foregoing but in addition, a neutral one, generally capable of being crystallized, Animi, elemi, and earanna rosins, mastic, vegetal, or palm wax, and several others, are of this order,... 

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