Markers tumor necrosis factor

Hacker, H., Vabulas, R.M., Takeuchi, O., Hoshino, K., Akira, S. and Wagner, H. (2000) Immune cell activation by bacterial CpG-DNA through myeloid differentiation marker 88 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)6. J. Exp. Med., 192, 595-600. 

Finally, in addition to the issues of costs and secondary events, treatment is also lacking for many more at-risk patients who cannot undergo successful angioplasty. These patients, who may have either diffuse, nonstentable, bifurcated lesions, or multivessel disease (i.e., diabetics), are not benefiting as much from DES, and improved treatments here also remain a clear clinical need. Often there is a systemic and local activation of the immune response, followed by a consequent local vascular incident. The role of the systemic immune response in these individuals, as well as in cardiovascular patients in general, is evidenced by the numerous reports of correlation of disease with increases in plasma markers such as CRB tumor necrosis factor, and even circulating white cell counts (87-89). 

Moreover, currently, inflammation is being implicated as a driving force in the diabetic atherothromboembolic process. Increased concentrations of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, platelet-derived soluble CD40 ligand, and upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules have been noted in blood samples of diabetic patients (7-10), and are a subject of great interest. 

Patients with a variety of cancers and some viral diseases excrete relatively large amounts of neopterin, formed by dephosphorylation and oxidation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, an intermediate in biopterin synthesis. This reflects the induction of GTP cyclohydrolase by interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a in response to the increased requirement for tetrahydrobiopterin for nitric oxide synthesis (Section 10.4.2). It is thus a marker of ceU-mediated immune reactions and permits monitoring of disease progression (Werner et al., 1993,1998 Berdowska and Zwirska-Korczala, 2001). 

The first assay we developed detected the cytokine tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa). We achieved a detection limit of 20 pg mL (1.1 pM) out of a sample of 600 nL. Subsequent application to additional cytokines enables analysis of a cytokine panel as inflammatory markers for pharmaceutical research. 

Laboratory testresults vary depending on the severity of the inflammatory process, whether damage is confined to the pancreas or involves contiguous organs, and the time course from the onset of the acute attack (see Table 39-3). Serum concentrations of prointlammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-6 are markers of disease severity, but elevations are not specific for pancreatitis and the tests are not widely available. ... 

Martinez A, Fernandez-Arquero M, Pascual-Salcedo D, Conejero L, Alves H, Balsa A, de la Concha EG (2000) Primary association of tumor necrosis factor-region genetic markers with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 43 1366-1370. 

Tubulin polymerization inhibitor 1172 Tumor angiogenesis 1278 Tumor associated antigen (TAA) 183 Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, 1276 Tumor cell, targeting markers on 1276 Tumor growth index 523 Tumor hypoxia, assessment of 1263 Tumor necrosis factor (TN F) 7, 80, 264,... 

Microvascular endothelial cells (regardless of their organ of origin) should respond to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), by the increased expression of cell adhesion molecules for example E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (lCAM-1) [19, 20]. It is advisable to not only demonstrate the presence of specific characteristics, but also the absence of non-endothehal markers such as cytokera tin-8 (epithe-hal cells) [21], smooth muscle a actin (smooth muscle cells) and the intermediate filament protein desmin (pericytes) [22,23]. The morphological characterization... 

Kem, P., Hemmer, C. J., Van Damme, J., Gruss, H. J., and Dietrich, M. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 serum levels as markers for complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am. J. Med. 87, 139-143 (1989). 

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