Maritime influence

In most of the rest, meaning all that lying east of the Rockies except the subtropical segment in the Southeast, variations of the four-season climate generally prevail. But unlike the temperate climates of winegrowing Europe, most of them softened by maritime influences, these are subject to such continental extremes that even the hardiest and most disease-resistant European wine grapes are not really at home. Nowhere in this area has a... 

Over the European continent, the North-Atlantic cyclones weaken during their eastward propagation, but often they cause the weather to be quite variable. That means, a very diverse but usually heavy cloud cover with occasional precipitation prevails over the Baltic Sea. It is generally moist, cool, and rather windy. The global west-wind jet carries moist and cool air masses from the North Atlantic and the North Sea to central and northern Europe (Nehring et al., 1990). This leads to a predominantly maritime influence on the Baltic Sea region. This... 

The composition of cloud and precipitation water was investigated by Petrenchuk and Drozdova (1966), among others they developed a special cloud water collector that worked at positive as well as at negative temperatures. Their results, obtained over the European parts of the U.S.S.R., are given in Table 28. It can be seen that over clean northern regions the difference between the sum of ions in cloud and precipitation elements is not great. In these areas the concentration of sulfate and nitrate ions is relatively small while the chloride content is great. This situation can be explained by maritime influences. In comparison, sulfate is the... 

The atmospheric deposition of Cl reflects the maritime influence. In systems of heavy marine influence, the Cl -inputs can be substantial (about 200 kg Cl ha a ), but over time the output flux is equal to the input. In continental systems, Cl -concentrations are generally low and mostly unaffected by anthropogenic inputs. 

Forest chemistry appears to be related to climate (mainly amounts of precipitation), geographical location (e.g. maritime influences) and the availability of elements in the soil (Jayasekera, 1993). Furthermore organisms are quite diverse and highly adaptive in element requirements and particularly in their tolerances. Due to the specific environment in an ecosystem without marked seasonal variations, predominantly poor soils and factors like high levels of precipitation, humidity or temperature, trees from tropical rain forests might have a rather dilferent chemistry from trees of the Northern Hemisphere. In order to understand the chemistry of heavy metals particularly in tropical forests more information is needed. 

Despite being 400 km from the Pacific Ocean, the climate of the interior portion of the range is still under a maritime influence. Annual precipitation is between 710 and 1520 mm, with little of this during... 

The 210Pb input from the atmosphere must have been constant over the past 150 years due to the relative constancy in the maritime climate (temperature and soil moisture influences the radon emanation rate) and the resulting constancy in the input source for 210Pb. Therefore, the deviations from a single log-linear relationship of the unsupported 210Pb activity with the dry mass of sediment accumulation must be due to some property of the watershed. The three different relationships shown in... 

On an international scale, the Alps are a middle-sized chain of mountains which, due to their situation in the central latitude of Europe, are influenced by maritime as well as continental factors. Humidity is generally transported by the west and south winds flowing from the Atlantic or the Mediterranean towards the mountain chain. With altitudes of up to 4,500 m ASL, the Alps present an enormous barrier to the air masses being transported in this way, and this barrier effect reinforces European meridional temperature gradients [10]. 

See Philip Pugh, The Cost of Seapoioer The Influence of Money on Naval Affairs from 1815 to the Present Day (London Conway Maritime Press, 1986). 

Winds blowing over the oceans, or maritime winds, bring a lot of rain. Oceans also control the distribution of pressure and the prevailing winds. Evaporation of water from ocean surfaces is an important factor in the water cycle. Ocean currents - warm currents and cold currents - influence the climate of the coasts along which they flow. Oceans regulate and stabilize the climate of the earth. 

The maritime pattern, determined from islands in the Atlantic, is different from the continental pattern. Island sources of Rn are too small to have a significant effect on Pb. As a result, virtually all the Pb observed at these sites is transported from continents. Be/ Pb over the ocean is therefore a measure of the influence of continental sources on the local aerosol. Low values of the ratio reflect a high continental influence high ratios indicate a relative isolation from continental sources. 

Fig. 7-8. Influence on cloud nuclei formation of the mass fraction e (water-soluble material/particle dry mass). Left Critical supersaturation of aerosol particles as a function of particle dry radius. Right Cloud nuclei spectra calculated for e = 0.1 and 1 on the basis of two size distributions each for continental and maritime aerosols (solid and dashed curves, respectively). [Adapted from Junge and McLaren (1971).] The curves for the maritime cloud nuclei spectra are displaced downward from the original data to normalize the total number density to 300 cm-3 instead of 600 cm-3 used originally. The curves for e = 1 give qualitatively the cumulative aerosol size distributions starting from larger toward smaller particles (sk = 10 4 corresponds to r0 0.26 p.m, sk = 3 x 10 3 to rs 0.025 Atn). Similar results were subsequently obtained by Fitzgerald (1973, 1974). The hatched areas indicate the ranges of cloud nuclei concentrations observed in cloud diffusion chambers with material sampled mainly by aircraft [see the summary of data by Junge and McLaren (1971)] the bar represents the maximum number density of cloud nuclei observed by Twomey (1963) in Australia.

In remote areas, CMB methods are not applicable due to the mixed influence of numberless sources. FA generally tends to uncover obviously influencing sources such as maritime, crustal, and mixed anthropogenic ones (Heidam 1981). More promising for such regions is the use of enrichment factors (Zoller et al. 1974) and of tracer systems (Rahn 1985). The enrich-... 

Meyrowitz H (1985) Le protocole additionnel I aux Conventions de Geneve de 1949 et le droit de la guerre maritime. Revue Generale de Droit International Public 89 243-298 Mossop JC (1947) Hospital ships in the Second World War. BYIL 24 398-406 O Connell DP (1975) The influence of law on seapower. Manchester University Press, Manchester... 

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