Mapping instrument

Depth probed Lateral resolution Image/ mapping Instrument cost Size... 

The application of microwave energy to organic compounds, such as solvents, can pose serious hazards. The hazard is greater with flammable Uquids. Two main types of apparatus are available commercially. They make use of singlemode or of multi-mode technology. The readers are invited to review commercial literature from CEM Corp. [9] and Prolabo [10], currently the only two manufacturers that offer legitimate MAP instrumentation. 

Fig. 18. Schematic of the chemical mapping instrumentation in the Mid- and Near-IR Spectral Regions by Hadamard Transform/FT-IR Spectrometry. (Reproduced from [ 126])...

For high resolution mapping instruments, such as the Thematic Mapper, with a number of individual charmels and a short observation time per resolved spatial element, the bit rate becomes large, 84.9 Mbit s The same is tme for high resolution spectrometers, such as the ATMOS, where the multiplex factor, M, is large and r is small (15.76 Mbit s ). For missions to the outer planets the bit rate is limited by the large coimnunication distance consequently, the telemetry rate becomes an important design parameter. 

These two transducer pairs are activated alternating. For this purpose an ultrasonic instrument is combined with a two channel multiplexer. Figure 8 presents a modified standard instrument USN52 which also implies a modified software. This system performs four measurements per second - alternating the velocity and the thickness are determined. The probe can be scanned over the surface and in every position both, the velocity and the wall thickness are indicated Using the serial interface of the instrument finally a two-dimensional map of velocity or thickness can be generated. 

For records on weather maps, meteoroiogists customariiy correct barometer readings to sea ievei, and some barometers may be caiibrated accordingiy. Such instruments are not suitabie for iaboratory use where true pressure under standard conditions is required. Scaie corrections shouid be specified in the maker s instructions with the instrument, and are aiso indicated by the iack of correspondence between a gauge mark usuaiiy piaced exactiy 76.2 cm from the zero point and the 76.2-cm scaie graduation. 

More microprocessor-based process equipment, such as smart instruments and single-loop controllers, with digital communications capability are now becoming available and are used extensively in process plants. A fieldbus, which is a low-cost protocol, is necessary to perform efficient communication between the DCS and these devices. So-called mini-MAP architec ture was developed to satisfy process control and instrumentation requirements while incorporating existing ISA standards. It is intended to improve access time while... 

Lateral resolution Imaging/mapping Sample requirements Main use Instrument cost... 

Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (EPMA) is a spatially resolved, quantitative elemental analysis technique based on the generation of characteristic X rays by a focused beam of energetic electrons. EPMA is used to measure the concentrations of elements (beryllium to the actinides) at levels as low as 100 parts per million (ppm) and to determine lateral distributions by mapping. The modern EPMA instrument consists of several key components ... 

A variation on depth profiling that can be performed by modern scanning Auger instruments (see Sect. 2.2.6) is to program the incident electron beam to jump from one pre-selected position on a surface to each of many others in turn, with multiplexing at each position. This is called multiple point analysis. Sets of elemental maps acquired after each sputtering step or each period of continuous sputtering can be related to each other in a computer frame-store system to derive a three-dimensional analysis of a selected micro volume. 

It is of course also possible to arrange so that the measurements are made at every point with a fixed instrument and the data transferred to a computer equipped with suitable software to produce the grid map, all in real time. If the graph is also superimposed on a video picture from the measured area, the result will be a video, visualizing the. spatial distribution in real time. 

DNA sequencing Establishes the highest resolution physical map. Identifies open reading frame. Facilities with many high throughput instruments could sequence millions of base pairs per day. 

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