Manufacturing discounted

The estimated real value of the computer time used by chemistry departments in 1964 was about 6.4 million. At university rates, that cost would have been 4.3 million, of which only S0.7 million was funded directly through the grants and contracts of chemists. This meant that chemistry departments paid only 0.7 million for their computer time, while the other 5.7 million was paid for through manufacturers discounts, from grants made to computer centers by the government, and by the universities themselves. However, it was predicted that in the future, users would be expected to pay nearer the full operating costs ... 

Fig. 2. (— —) Cumulative and (—° —) 8% discounted cash flow rate for development of a hypothetical agrochemical in constant 1994 U.S. dollars, where A represents the time the patent was first issued B, first registered use C, manufacturing plant start-up D, positive cumulative cash flow and E, patent...

As an approximation, 50% of the Hst price should be added to account for auxiUaries such as motor, seal, baseplate, and coupling. Furthermore, the material upgrade from ductile iron constmction to stainless steel roughly doubles the price. Pump manufacturers use price bookmultiphers, eg, discounts, to arrive at a selling price. These vary, but as an estimate, a 30% discount is reasonable. U.S. pump manufacturers include the following. 

Syrup Mixing and Handling. Most parent companies sell concentrated flavor bases to franchise bottlers and allow the bottlers to mix this with their own sweetener and water. This defrays shipping costs and reduces the labor demand on parent company manufacturing. In return, franchise bothers are able to purchase sweeteners from local suppHers at a substantial discount and reduce their overall costs. 

The cost of capital may also be considered as the interest rate at which money can be invested instead of putting it at risk in a manufacturing process. Let us consider the process data listed in Table 9-4 and plotted in Fig. 9-10. If the cost oi capital is 10 percent, then the appropriate discounted-cash-flow curve in Fig. 9-10 is abcdef. Up to point e, or 8.49 years, the capital is at risk. Point e is the discounted breakeven point (DEEP). At this point, the manufacturing process... 

Accounts payable, also called trade credit, are the major source of short-term financing. Accounts payable normally amount to about 40 percent of the current liabihties of a manufacturing company. Such short-term financing is relatively expensive when available discounts are lost. 

Sometimes a set of items such as all the process control instruments or all piping is lumped together, and a number of suppliers are asked to bid on this package. At other times the company may have a contract with, say, a pump manufacturer that guarantees the company will receive a specified discount on the cost of all pumps, if it purchases more than a certain number per year. Then the pumps would be purchased from this vendor. There are even instances where the company may forbid the purchase of items from a given vendor. For instance, one company found that the pumps it purchased from a particular manufacturer cost approximately 5 times as much to maintain as the other pumps it had performing similar tasks. The company refused to buy any more pumps from that manufacturer. 

Finally, we are in the business to produce products and profits. Broadly, if a product is made in 3-4 reaction steps in the batch-manufacturing environment, the market value should be 10 times the materials. If market value is only twice the raw material cost, the project should be redefined or stopped. In a 10-step process, it is not uncommon that materials are 1/20 of the selling price. A comparison of a two reaction step product using discounted cash flow methods (11) showed that a process with a market value 4 times the materials was greatly preferred over one at 3 times materials. 

The term sales means net sales, i, total sales after deducting discounts, returns, allowances and excise taxes. Sales includes sales of the Drug Product whether manufactured by the company itself or purchased from sources outside the company and resold by the company in the same manufectured form as purchased. 

More information can be found on the manufacturer s website http //www.bran-luebbe.de/en/autoanalyzer.html The price range for a basic system with a colorimeter is about 20k to 27k depending on options (e.g. PC and flame photometer) and whether educational discount applies. 

Nowsuppose that price discrimination is perfect. In this case, manufacturers can offer deep discounts to the poorest patients with no effect on patent revenues. In fact, profit-maximizing manufacturers will automatically offer such discounts until prices reach their marginal cost of production (Reinhardt, Chapter 2). This means that sponsors should subsidize production only if the desired access price is below marginal cost. 

Distributor pricing of mill shapes represents a discount from the above prices, excepting fluorocarbons, of approximately 30%. Of course, large (O.E.M.) original equipment manufacturer special runs affect a further discount which is variable depending on the size, type, and quantity of the product involved. 

To define the economic performance of a manufacturing venture, an analyst must predict various sources and sinks of money throughout the lifetime of a project. In fact the investors invest a huge amount of money when they begin to build the chemical plant, but they will earn money from sales only when the plant is finished and operating. Owing to inflation and devaluation, future money is different from present money [13,15], Therefore, a future income needs to be discounted to its present value in order to evaluate the expected profitability of a chemical plant. Of course, when dealing with future events, nobody can be absolutely positive about prices, inflation rates, etc. Therefore many assumptions need to be... 

Contact the manufacturer s sales representative for a specific quote to obtain a volume discount price. 

Third parties may be public or private. Private third parties typically are insurance companies, although other private entities sometimes pay for a patient s prescriptions. For example, some pharmaceutical manufacturers provide free or discounted... 

Quantity discounts Quantity discounts traditionally have been offered as an incentive for purchasing large quantities of single products or a special grouping of specific products offered by a manufacturer (West, 2003). For example, a wholesaler may sell one bottle... 

Another option used by pharmacies is to purchase directly from a pharmaceutical manufacturer. However, many manufacturers have substantial minimum purchase requirements, making it less favorable to buy from the manufacturer. Pharmacies may be receiving discounts based on volume purchased from the wholesaler thereby giving an incentive to the pharmacy to buy most of its products from one wholesaler. Wholesalers also offer next-day delivery and other value-added services that help pharmacy managers minimize inventory costs. Thus most pharmacies do not purchase products from manufacturers very often. 

Manufacturers of prepolymers will often provide the weight of curative per 100 units of prepolymer. This is based on the midpoint NCO for the grade and the normal index value for the curative. The calculations can readily be carried out using a calculator or spreadsheet. From a practical point of view, a set of shop scales with a discount function has been used to provide the weight required. 

However, it should also be emphasized that list prices of manufactured fibers are ceiling prices and do not reflect the short-term discounts, allowances, and special arrangements that are given in a free marketplace when the demand for any manufactured fiber softens. 

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