Manufacture of gasoline

Several other processes that are aimed at the manufacture of gasoline from coal have been applied over the years. The main reactor in these processes uses three phase fluidization in which solid coal particles, gases, and liquids are all contacted at very high temperatures and pressures. Fluid bed dryers and fluid cokers are also used in synthetic fuels manufacmre. 

Remarkably, seventy years after Houdry s utilization of the catalytic properties of activated clay and the subsequent development of ci ystalline aluminosilicate catalysts that arc a magnitude more catalytically active, the same fundamental principles remain the basis for the modern manufacture of gasoline, heating oils, and petrochemicals. 

An important reaction in the manufacture of gasoline is isomerization of straight-chain paraffins to more highly branched compounds, which have better fuel properties (higher octane rating). 

The first reaction provides a route for the reduction of alkyl halides since the carbo-cation (isopropyl, in Rl) may be prepared from action of AICI3 on the corresponding alkyl halide. Reactions of the type Rl are also important in the process, catalytic cracking, in the manufacture of gasoline. They have also been studied in mass spectro-metric experiments [235]. Reaction R2 is one route to the preparation of carbocations under stable ion conditions. Reaction R3 is employed in the laboratory synthesis of the tropylium cation. Reaction R4, the (crossed) Cannizzaro reaction, is unusual in that it takes place under strongly basic conditions. The oxy dianion is an intermediate in the reaction of concentrated hydroxide with the aldehyde, R HO. None of R1, R2, or R3 may have hydrogen atoms a to the carbonyl groups. Formaldehyde (R1 = H) is readily... 

Terne Plate. This is a sheet-steel product that is coated with an alloy of tin and lead. The coatings range from 50-50 mixtures of lead and tin to as low as 12% dn and 88% lead. Plate used for roofing normally is about 25% tin and 75% lead. In addition to roofing, terne plate is used in the manufacture of gasoline tanks for automotive vehicles, oil cans, and containers for solvents, resins, etc. 

Isopentane is available in large amounts in Cj cuts from catalytic craddnj (see Section 2J.1X and can be produced by n-pentane isomerization. However, since it is widely sought after for the manufacture of gasolines due to its high octane number, this raw material is difficult to secure and costly for petrochemicals. 

Normal butane, C4H,o, is to be isomerized to isobutane in a plug-flow reactor. Isobutane is a valuable product that is used in the manufacture of gasoline additives. For example, isobutane can be further reacted to form isooctane. The 1996 selling price of n-butane was 37.2 cents per gallon, while the price of isobutane was 48.5 cents per gallon. 

Another compound of phosphorus with a number of uses is phosphorus oxychloride (POCI3). This compound is used in the manufacture of gasoline additives, in the production of certain kinds of plastics, as a fire retardant agent, and in the manufacture of transistors for electronic devices. 

These catalysts provide three-dimensional microscopic media for reaction. The most important are the zeolites (see 14.2.2.2). Faujasites are used to crack petroleum for the manufacture of gasoline, and HZSM-5 to convert methanol into gasoline and in other petrochemical conversion processes including xylene isomerization and toluene di sproportionation. ... 

A new generation of so-called regenerative processes emerged with the development of multimetallic catalyst systems. They operate by continuous withdrawal and regeneration of the catalyst, which is then recycled to the reactors. This technology applies to the manufacture of gasoline and specifically to that of aromatics. This is because it can withstand more severe treatment conditions, which allow intensive cyclization of the paraffins, the removal of those that subsist by hydrocracking, and the hydrodealkylation of the heavier compounds,... 

The catalytic dehydrogenation of butane is important both in the manufacture of butadiene and as one step in the synthetic manufacture of gasoline. It has been reported that the principal reaction and important secondary reaction are as follows ... 

PRACTICE EXAMPLE B Predict the molecular geometry of phosphoryl chloride, POCI3, an important chemical in the manufacture of gasoline additives, hydraulic fluids, and fire retardants. 

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