Manual Processing Methods

Variations on this basic process are (i) vacuum bag moulding and (ii) pressure bag moulding. In the former process a flexible bag (frequently rubber) is clamped over the lay-up in the mould and a vacuum is applied between the moulding and the bag. This sucks the bag on to the moulding to consolidate the layers of reinforcement and resin. It also squeezes out trapped air and excess resin. The latter process is similar in principle except that pressure is applied above the bag instead of a vacuum below it. The techniques are illustrated in Fig. 4.67(b) and (c). 

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The Manual processes cover methods such as hand lay-up, spray-up, pressure bag and autoclave moulding. 

The fundamental problem of the classical method is the fact that there is no viable73 procedure to extend it to the scattering of anisotropic materials. Moreover, the required manual processing is cumbersome, slow and may yield biased results. 

This paper describes a new approach to building molecular models using methods of expert systems. We are applying symbolic reasoning to a problem previously only approached numerically. The goals of this project were to develop a rapid model builder that mimicked the manual process used by chemists. A further aim was to provide a justification for the model as a chemist would justify a particular conformation. The AIMS algorithm reported here is extremely fast and has a complexity that increases linearly with the number of atoms in the model. 

Conventional radiochemical analysis of nuclear process or waste samples in the laboratory entails three primary activities sample preparation, radiochemical separation, and detection. Each of these activities may entail multiple steps. The automated fluidic methods described above, typically also carried out in the laboratory, link separation and detection. Sample preparation has, in many cases, been carried out first by manual laboratory methods. 

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) is now routinely used in many laboratories for the rapid and sensitive identification of proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). We describe a simple protocol that can be performed in a standard biochemistry laboratory, whereby proteins separated by one- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be identified at femtomole levels. The procedure involves excision of the spot or band from the gel, washing and de-stain-ing, reduction and alkylation, in-gel trypsin digestion, MALDI-TOF MS of the tryptic peptides, and database searching of the PMF data. Up to 96 protein samples can easily be manually processed at one time by this method. 

Often, the robotic process takes longer than the manual process however, significant savings and acceleration of the process is realized by overnight or around-the-clock operation. In these cases, the routine operations can be performed by the automated system, leaving the highly trained scientist to perform the more detailed aspects of the analysis that require experience and real-time decisions. Clearly, standard methods provide a necessary step toward the implementation of automated methods via their focus on routine process steps. The automated approach is implemented and validated by careful inspection and observation of performance. 

Conventionally storage modulus versus frequency and temperature results are presented by extrapolated isotherms called master curves. These are plotted by shifting frequency data with a temperature dependent shift factor, a. Most published results for are based on manual graphic methods. Computer work first aimed at systemizing and automating determinations of shift factor was initiated by a desire to efficiently process the hundreds of data points from each FTMA run. 

In manual work, method selection can be performed by manual inspection of the predicted chromatograms for resolution and run time, or according to the user-dehned automated rating process. The automated selection process can be customized on a similar basis as the selection process in method optimization software, with requirements based on targeted run time, resolution, or a combination of the two this suitability approach is described in equation (10-5) ... 

There are many methods of control to eliminate or mitigate identified hazards. The selected controls for a hazard should be recorded on the FMEA template. Examples of hazard controls include change in design specification, implementing alarms/wamings/error messages, and instituting a manual process. The most cost-elfective hazard coutrol should be selected and described in the FMEiA template. 

The basic difference between the two land clearing methods is that in the "manual" process, fire is the major agent employed to remove vegetation cover and prepare the land for pasture establishment. From an agricultural perspective, burning can be regarded as a fast and economical process to... 

To learn about other word processing methods, read the user s manual or click on the Help button. 

The generation of organic molecules is traditionally a manual process, involving the chemist in many hours of work to plan and organize, to dissolve, to mix, react, purify and analyze compounds. Using traditional methods, the chemist usually creates up to several hundred new compounds per year. Fully automated organic chemistry with highly developed hardware and software accelerates the synthesis process to thousand-fold productivity. 

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