Mammalian test systems

In mammalian test systems in vitro (Syrian or Chinese hamster cells), lead acetate gave conflicting results for structural chromosomal aberrations (Bauchinger and Schmid 1972 Robison et al. 1984). Lead... 

Buselmaier W, Roehrborn G, Propping P. 1976. Comparative investigations on the mutagenicity of pesticides in mammalian test systems. Mutat Res 21 25-26. 

Epichlorohydrin is a direct-acting mutagen by virtue of its activity as an alkylating agent. ° It causes genetic damage in most bacterial and mammalian test systems in vivo and in vitro. 

Slesinski RS, Hengler WC, Guzzie PJ, et ah Mutagenicity evaluation of glutaraldehyde in a battery of in vitro bacterial and mammalian test systems. Food Chem Toxicol 21 621-629, 1983... 

In general exposure to zinc chloride does not increase mutation frequencies in bacterial or mammalian test systems. ... 

Stich, H.F., Wei. L. Lam. P. (1978) The need for a mammalian test system for mutagens action of some reducing agents. Cancer Lett., 5, 199-204... 

Animals that differ significantly from humans in their physiology and biochemistry may provide a distorted view of the relative hazard that a chemical poses for humans. On the other hand, there are a variety of examples when even mammalian species most closely related to humans respond quite differently to particular chemicals. Nevertheless, some mammalian test systems have been accepted as providing reasonable models of the human, and the points of disagreement are... 

Non-mammalian test systems Mammalian assays Human cells Genome mutations ... 

Mild skin and eye irritant low toxicity caused depression of central nervous system in rats inhalation of 670 ppm was lethal LD50 oral (rats) 2050 mg/kg mutagenic effect in microbial and mammalian test systems in humans, exposure may cause irritation and skin sensitization TLV-TWA 135 mg/m ... 

In vitro testing of these representative materials in bacterial and mammalian test systems showed no evidence of mutagenic or genotoxic potential. 

EPA lead criteria document (U.S. EPA, 1986, Ch. 12). Where possible, newer data are the focus of this section of the chapter and these data are also reviewed in U.S. EPA (2006), U.S. ATSDR (2007), NIH/NTP (2004), and lARC (2006). Mammalian test systems employed with respect to Pb carcinogenicity have principally been confined to rats and mice, with isolated reports of data from other species such as rabbits and nonhuman primates. Both male and female animals of both species were used and produced positive responses, indicating absence of any gender- or species-specific toxico-kinetic or metabolic factor operating. 

One of the major objectives in the development of mammalian test systems for the wide-scale screening of chemicals is to be able to integrate different studies in a single batch of test animals. This is very important inasmuch as mammalian studies are relatively expensive. Thus, in addition to fertility effects, results of a study on delayed pathological and survival effects in chemically treated female mice in the total reproductive capacity experiments are also discussed here. 

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