Malformations results

However, here, too much of a good thing is not so hot. If retinoic acid is administered systemically during embryo formation (in experimental animals to be sure), severe malformations result in the offspring. Thus, retinoic acid is a teratogen. 

Perm VH, Carpenter SJ Developmental malformations resulting from the administration of lead salts. Exp Mol Pathol 7 208-213, 1967... 

Clark and colleagues (27) found evidence of maternal toxicity influencing fetal findings in studies with diflunisal in rabbits, in which fetal axial skeletal defects were observed. Diflunisal was found to produce severe maternal hemolytic anemia and greatly decreased erythrocyte ATP levels. The authors were able to demonstrate that the skeletal malformations resulted from maternal hypoxia secondary to anemia, rather than from a direct effect of the drug on the embryo or fetus. In addition, it was demonstrated that diflunisal had no effects on rat erythrocyte ATP levels, and the compound was categorized as not teratogenic in rats or mice. 

A serious AR is one that requires in-palieiit hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, causes congenital malformation, results in persistent or sigiuficant disability or incapacity, is life-threatening or results in death. ARs tiiat require significant medical intervention to prevent one of these listed outcomes are also considered to be serious. 

N-Acetylcysteine has not been shown to be teratogenic in rats or rabbits. When administered to rabbits during the critical phase of embryogenesis, no malformation resulted. 

The vast majority of children are bom healthy. The overall incidence of congenital malformations is approximately 3% to 5% Although many people assume that medications play a large role in causing birth defects, it is estimated that medication exposure accounts for less than 1% of all birth defects. Genetic causes are responsible for 15% to 25%, other environmental issues (e.g., maternal conditions, infection, and mechanical deformations) account for 10%, and the remaining 65% to 75% of congenital malformations result from unknown causes. ... 

Dutton JAE, Jackson JE, Hugues JMB, Whyte MKB, Peters AM, Ussov W, Allison DJ (1995) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations results of treatment with coil emholization in 53 patients. Am J Roentgenol 165 1119-1125... 

Haitjema TJ, Overtoom TT, Westerman CJ, hammers JW (1995b) Embolisation of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations results and follow-up in 32 patients. Thorax 50 719-723... 

DNA synthesis proceeds at an almost normal rate. No gross malformations result at the end of the gestational period. No cell death is obvious the altered embryonic cells just do not multiply after a critical, low level of cytochrome oxidase is reached. 

Ferm, V. H. and Carpenter, S. J. (1967). Developmental malformation resulting from the administration of lead salts. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 7, 208 Fine, P. R. and Dobin, D. D. (1975). The incidence of elevated blood lead values in an asymptomatic pediatric population residing in a major American industrial state. In Proceedings of an International Symposium of Recent Advances in the Assessment of the Health Effects of Environmental Pollution, pp. 1223-31. (Luxemburg EEC)... 

Gale, T.F. and Ferm, V.H. (1973) Skeletal malformations resulting from cadmium treatment in the hamster. Biol Neonate 23,149-160. 

Administration of trimethadione (Tridione) may result in hematologic changes, such as pancytopenia (decrease in all the cellular components of the blood), leukopenia, aplastic anemia, and thrombocytopenia Also reported are various types of skin rashes, diplopia (double vision), vomiting, changes in blood pressure, CNS depression, photosensitivity, and fatal nephrosis. Because these dm have been associated with serious adverse reactions and fetal malformations, they should be used only when other less toxic dm are not effective in controlling seizures. The oxazolidinediones may precipitate a tonic-clonic seizure... 

Embryotoxicity and Fetotoxicity—Any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure to a chemical the distinguishing feature between the two terms is the stage of development during which the insult occurs. The terms, as used here, include malformations and variations, altered growth, and in utero death. 

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