Gross malformations

Gross malformation of oviduct usually termed intersex ... 

When chick eggs were injected with thalidomide, gross malformations were found only in the thalidomide-treated group after breeding they affected 20% of the chickens and included encephalocele, anencephaly, microphthalmia, beak malformations, deformities of the jaw and legs (128). 

In random-bred Charles River strain albino mice, thalidomide 1000 mg/kg/day given from the first day of mating failed to produce gross malformations of the offspring (170). 

Water or undiluted 2-butoxyethanol was applied four times daily (0.12 mL per application or 0.48 mL/day) on gestational days 7-16 to the shaved interscapular skin of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (Hardin et al. 1984). No embryotoxic, fetotoxic, or teratogenic effects were detected in the offspring. At necropsy, no gross malformations were observed in the fetuses. 

At the present time, the best we can say is that about half the recognized fetal anomalies are caused either solely or partly by impact on the fetal environment. Here partly means the anomaly evidently involves some combination of genetics and environment. I m not concerned in this book with gross malformations of the fetus—the branch of biomedicine called teratology (dysmorphology)—but with changes in prenatal development due to impact on gene expression that can cause... 

Increases in resorptions of fetuses, gross malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, and small placental size were observed in rats orally administered 100 mg/kg daily of a methanolic extract of shatavari daily for 60 days. A smaller litter size and decrease in pup body weight and length were associated with the treatment (Goel et al. 2006). 

Bahmanpour, S., K. Javidnia, and H. Arandi. 2003. Weight and crown-rump length reduction, gross malformation and pregnancy outcome in Carthamus tinctorius L.-treated mice. Arch. Iranian Med. 6(2) 117-120. 

In rats orally administered 1.72, 3.43, or 6.86 g/kg freeze-dried noni puree daily on days 1 to 21 of pregnancy, no adverse effects on fetal development were observed, including decreased number of live fetuses, resorptions, decreased fetal weight and length, skeletal abnormalities, or gross malformations (West et al. 2008). 

In rats administered 80 mg/kg trans-anethole on days 1 to 2 of pregnancy, normal implantation and delivery occurred. After administration of trans-anethole on days 3 to 5, implantation was completely inhibited and on days 6 to 10, three of five rats failed to deliver at term. No gross malformations were observed in any of the groups (Dhar 1995). 

DNA synthesis proceeds at an almost normal rate. No gross malformations result at the end of the gestational period. No cell death is obvious the altered embryonic cells just do not multiply after a critical, low level of cytochrome oxidase is reached. 

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