Male reactions

Toshova, T., Subchev, M., Plass, E. and Francke, W. (2003). Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae) male reaction to the synthetic main sex pheromone component and its isomers - wind tunnel and field investigations. J. Appl. Entomol., 127, 195-199. 

Male Reactions to co-amoxiclav are more common in males... 

These experiments demonstrate that our method does elicit different responses to different stimulus animals, and thus does measure recognition of individuals with different significance to the subject. Further experiments support this conclusion. In these experiments we tested the reactions of males that had a series of aggressive encounters with one male, as described above, and a series of neutral encounters across a wire mesh with a second male. Males reactions depended on the stimulus male that they were tested with males were attracted to the familiar neutral stimulus male but avoided and showed fearful reactions to the familiar winner (Lai, 2003). Thus, males showed unique responses to other males depending on their past history with them (Lai, 2003). 

Functional group transformations of epoxides rank among the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry and epoxides are commonplace natural products The female gypsy moth for example attracts the male by emittmg an epoxide known as disparlure On detechng the presence of this pheromone the male follows the scent to its ongm and mates with the female... 

Eye and Skin Contact. Some nickel salts and aqueous solutions of these salts, eg, the sulfate and chloride, may cause a primary irritant reaction of the eye and skin. The most common effect of dermal exposure to nickel is allergic contact dermatitis. Nickel dermatitis may occur in sensitized individuals following close and prolonged contact with nickel-containing solutions or metallic objects such as jewelry, particularly pierced earrings. It is estimated that 8—15% of the female human population and 0.2—2% of the male human population is nickel-sensitized (125). 

Pollen Small particles of the male fertilizing seeds of plant life, which may cause various allergic reactions especially of the respiratory tract, known as hay fever. 

Testosterone, the principal male sex steroid hormone, is synthesized in five steps from cholesterol, as shown below. In the last step, five isozymes catalyze the 17/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reactions that interconvert 4-androstenedione and testosterone. Defects in the synthesis or action of testosterone can impair the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and cause the disorders of human sexuality termed male pseudohermaphroditism. Specifically, mutations in isozyme 3 of the 17/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the fetal testis impair the for-... 

A suspension of 30 g of sodium hydride in benzene (30 ml) was added dropwise to 52 g of 8-chlorodibenzo[b,f] thiepin-10(11 H)-one dissolved in dimethylformamide (800 ml), and the mixture was heated at 100°C for 2 hours. To this, there were added 68 g of 2-dimethylamino-ethyl chloride, and the mixture was heated at 60°C for 39 hours. The reaction mixture, after cooled, was poured into ice-water, and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer, after washed with water, was extracted with 10% hydrochloric acid, when oil was precipitated. The aqueous layer, in which oil was precipitated, was washed with ether, made neutral with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to give oil, which was allowed to stand to provide solid. The solid was washed with petroleum ether and recrystallized from cyclohexane to yield 42.5 g of 8melting point 90°C to 91°C. Male-ate as colorless needle, melting point 204°C to 204.5°C. 

Testosterone is one of the most important male steroid hormones. When testosterone is dehydrated by treatment with acid, rearrangement occurs to yield the product shown. Propose a mechanism to account for this reaction. 

The reaction is generally carried out at -78 °C in ether solution, and yields are often excellent, l or example, manicone, a substance secreted by male ants to coordinate ant pairing and mating, has been synthesized by reaction of lithium diethylcopper with (E)-2p4-dimethyl-2-hexenoyl chloride. 

Unimolecular reaction (Section 11.4) A reaction that occurs by spontaneous transformation of the starting male-rial without the intervention of other reactants. For example, the dissociation of a tertiary alkyl halide in the S l reaction is a unimolecular process. 

Hyperkalemia (increase in potassium in the blood), a serious event, may be seen with the administration of potassium-sparing diuretics. Hyperkalemia is most likely to occur in patients with an inadequate fluid intake and urine output, those with diabetes or renal disease tiie elderly, and those who are severely ill. In patients taking spironolactone, gynecomastia (breast enlargement in tiie male) may occur. This reaction appears to be related to both dosage and duration of therapy. The gynecomastia is usually reversible when therapy is discontinued, but in rare instances, some breast enlargement may remain. 

Discuss the medical uses, actions, adverse reactions, contraindications, precautions, and interactions of the male and female hormones. 

Discuss ways to promote an optimal response to therapy, how to manage adverse reactions, and important points to keep in mind when educating the patient about the use of male or female hormones. 

In women receiving an androgen preparation for breast carcinoma, the most common adverse reactions are amenorrhea, other menstrual irregularities, and virilization (acquisition of male sexual characteristics by a woman). Virilization produces facial hair, a deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the clitoris. Male pattern baldness and acne may also be seen. 

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

The most significant metabolic product of testosterone is DHT, since in many tissues, including prostate, external genitalia, and some areas of the skin, this is the active form of the hormone. The plasma content of DHT in the adult male is about one-tenth that of testosterone, and approximately 400 ig of DHT is produced daily as compared with about 5 mg of testosterone. About 50-100 ig of DHT are secreted by the testes. The rest is produced peripherally from testosterone in a reaction catalyzed by the NADPH-depen-dent 5oi-reductase (Figure 42-6). Testosterone can thus be considered a prohormone, since it is converted into a much more potent compound (dihydrotestosterone) and since most of this conversion occurs outside the testes. Some estradiol is formed from the peripheral aromatization of testosterone, particularly in males. 

Sulfasalazine is associated with various adverse effects, most of which are thought to be due to the sulfapyridine component. Common adverse effects that may be dose related include headache, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.19 Idiosyncratic effects include bone marrow suppression, reduction in sperm counts in males, hepatitis, and pulmonitis. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients allergic to sulfonamide-containing medications. 

Fig. 10.5. Immunoblotting analysis of the antibody response of jirds against various stages of A viteae. (A) Reaction with sera of jirds vaccinated with irradiated L3 (B) reaction of sera of A. w feae-infected jirds (C) reaction with sera of naive jirds. 1, Male antigens 2, female antigens 3, mf antigens 4, L3 antigens. Note that the reaction of vaccinated jird sera is predominantly directed against chitinase bands of 205 kDa and 67 kDa (arrows) as well as against a 17 kDa protein.

Scheme 45 summarizes Mori s synthesis of the male-produced sex pheromone [(l ,3 ,7S)-3-methyl-a-himachalene (31)] of the sandfly (Lutzomyia longipalpis) in Jacobina, Brazil [70]. This sandfly is the vector of Leishmania chagasU the causative protozoan parasite of visceral leishmaniasis in South America. The key-steps of the synthesis of 31 were the asymmetric methylation of A to give C via B and the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of D to give E. 

Isopropyl-4,6-dimethyltricyclo[4.4.05 9]dec-3-en-2-one (40) with unknown absolute configuration was isolated as a putative male pheromone of a Brazilian predatory stink bug (Tynacantha marginata), and its enantiomers were synthesized by Kuwahara as shown in Scheme 58 [88]. The triene A gave B and C by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, and they could be converted to the enantiomers of 40. 

Figure 19.18 Carrier proteins may be activated with sulfo-SMCC to produce maleimide derivatives reactive with sulfhydryl-containing molecules. The graphs show the gel filtration separation on Sephadex G-25 of male-imide-activated BSA (A) and OVA (B) after reaction with sulfo-SMCC. The first peak is the protein and the second peak is excess crosslinker. The maleimide groups create increased absorbance at 280 nm in the activated proteins.

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