Malaysia

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Malaysia, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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For the above reasons, gas Is typically economic to develop only if it can be used locally, i.e. if a local demand exists. The exception to this is where a sufficient quantity of gas exists to provide the economy of scale to make transportation of gas or liquefied gas attractive. As a guide, approximately 10 Tcf of recoverable gas would be required to justify building a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant. Globally there are few such plants, but an example would be the LNG plant in Malaysia which liquefies gas and transports it by refrigerated tanker to Japan. The investment capital required for an LNG plant Is very large typically in the order of 10 billion. 

Direct Application Rock. Finely ground phosphate rock has had limited use as a direct-appHcation fertilizer for many years. There have been widely varying results. Direct appHcation of phosphate rock worldwide amounts to about 8% of total fertilizer phosphate used, primarily in the former Soviet Union, France, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The agronomic effectiveness of an apatitic rock depends not only on the fineness of the grind but also strongly on the innate reactivity of the rock and the acidity of the sod performance is better on more acid sods. Probably more than half of the potentially productive tropical sods are acidic, some with pH as low as 3.5—4.5. Certain phosphate rocks may thus become increasingly important as fertilizer in those areas. The International Fertilizer Development Center at Muscle Shoals, Alabama is active in researching this field (30). 

Gut Rubber and Extruded Latex. The manufacturing technology for cut and extmded mbber thread is much older and more widely known than that for spandex fibers. Because production faciUties can be installed with relatively modest capital investment, manufacture of mbber thread is fragmented and more widely distributed with a few major and many minor producers. On a worldwide basis, Fikattice of Italy is the largest mbber thread producer with modem extmded latex plants in Italy, Spain, Malaysia, and the United States. Second in production capacity is the Globe Manufacturing Co., Fall River, Massachusettes with production operations in the United States and the UK. These firms also produce spandex fibers. 

Other botanical varieties are caUed cassia, but the leaves of these varieties differ in flavor components from those of the bark. Saigon cinnamon, C. loureirii Nees, from Viet Nam, closely resembles Chinese cassia in appearance but is grown on the other side of the mountains and has an entirely different flavor character, containing no orthomethoxy cinnamic aldehyde. C. burmani B/ume, ie, Korintje or Kerintje cinnamon and Padang or Batavia cinnamon, is from Sumatra and Indonesia. C. sintok B/ume is native to Malaysia and of minor commercial importance. 

After years of bench-scale and pilot-plant studies, constmction was begun on a gca 1600 m /d (10,000 bbl/d) unit in Sarawak, Malaysia, by Shell in a... 

Total merchant shipments of DRI and HBI in 1993 reached 5.1 x 10 t. The primary DRI exporting countries were Venezuela, Russia, Malaysia, Trinidad, and India. The price of merchant HBI in 1993 was in the range of 125 to 167/1 on a deUvered basis. Although there are expectations that the value of merchant DRI should some day stand on its own, the historic price has been tied to the price of ferrous scrap. A general mle of thumb has been that the value of merchant DRI is comparable to prime scrap (No. 1 Bundles or No. 1 Bushelings) in industrial countries, and comparable to imported shredded scrap in developing countries (see RECYCLING, FERROUS METALS). 

California Russia E. Austraha W. Australia India Malaysia... 

All countries listed are included in Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) except for Argentina, Cuba, Cypress, Egypt, the former GDR, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Malaysia, Malta, Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, the former Yugoslavia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. 

Natural Rubber. To obtain natural mbber (NR), the Hevea hrasiliensis tree is tapped for its sap. The off-white sap is collected and coagulated. This process produces a high molecular weight substance which is natural mbber. The principal producing countries are Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, China, and Sri Lanka (see Rubber, natural). 

The first cultivated mbber trees produced 500 kg/ha of mbber and selective breeding over the years has resulted in yields during the mid-1990s as high as 3000 kg/ha. However, average yields in the principal producing countries can vary from 400—1200 kg/ha. In Malaysia the smallholder sector produces about 850 kg/ha, whereas the estate plantations can produce about 1200 kg/ha. 

Special producer limits and related controls are also imposed by the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) to provide an additional safeguard. 

Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are the three main mbber-producing countries in the wodd in 1994 they contributed 73% to the wodd s natural mbber production, which was some 5.7 x 10 t (74). In the eady 1990s the relative consumption of natural mbber has remained faidy constant at 38—39% of total mbber consumption, despite competition from synthetic mbber. 

Fig. 5. Natural mbber production, where (H) represents Malaysia ( ) Indonesia (H) Thailand and ( ) other.

Consumption of NR Latex. The total world consumption of natural mbber latex was 585,000 t in 1993, more than double that of 10 years earlier. The proportion of total natural mbber used as latex concentrate also increased from 7% in 1983 to 11% in 1993. Malaysia remains the dominant latex concentrate producing country in the world (Table 12). Its decline in exports during the 1980s and early 1990s has been partly compensated by an increase in consumption within the country (Table 13). Since the 1970s there has been a gradual shift in latex consumption from the traditional consumers in Europe and the United States to Asian countries. In 1994 Malaysia consumed 175,000 t of latex, more than the combined consumption of Western Europe and the United States (see Table 13). 

A. Subramaniam, Technology Bulletin No. 4, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, 1980. 

J. B. Gomez, Physiology ofEatex (Bubber) Production, MRRDB Monograph No. 8., Malaysian Rubber Research Development Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1983. 

RBIM Training Manual on Tapping Tapping Systems andYield Stimulation ofHevea, RRIM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1980. 

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