Macrophage inhibition test

RAST (radioallergosorbent test) or enzyme assay (IgE, IgG) Histamine liberation from granulocytes Basophil degranulation test Passive hemagglutination Lymphocyte transformation test Macrophage inhibition test Rosette test... 

Cell-mediated reactions can also be demonstrated in vitro by the macrophage inhibition test. With the exception of penicillin sensitivity, this test has seldom been employed in the investigation of drug allergies. The possibilities and limitations of... 

Brenner S, Halevy S, Livni E, Schewach-Millet M, Sandbank M, Wolf R. Macrophage migration inhibition test in patients with drug-induced pemphigus. Isr J Med Sci 1993 29(l) 44-6. 

The situation with in vitro models for predicting ACD, unlike its in vivo counterpart, is less complicated than that for ICD because there are very few in vitro systems which have even been proposed for ACD testing. This is also a consequence of the complexity of this disease since ACD involves the interaction of many organ systems, which cannot be properly simulated in any currently available cell or tissue culture model. Nevertheless, two assays that have shown some promise for predicting ACD with certain classes of allergens are the lymphocyte transformation test and the macrophage migratory inhibition test. 

Positive macrophage migration inhibition tests in patients with penicillin-induced exanthema (not absolute evidence of delayed hypersensitivity immune complexes can also induce migration inhibition). 

Warrington and Olivier (1979) examined the release of lymphotoxin from the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in patients with hepatitis after isoniazid. In five of six cases there was support of release of lymphotoxin after stimulation of these lymphocytes with isoniazid or isonicotinic acid conjugated with human serum albumin. Baker et al. (1974) had positive results from the macrophage migration inhibition test in only two of six patients after clinical hypersensitivity to isoniazid. 

WilUams WR, Jones-WiUiams W. Comparison of lymphocyte transformation and macrophage migration inhibition tests in the detection of beryllium hypersensitivity. J Clin Pathol 1982 35(6) 684-687. 

Another potential class of antivirals is those that interfere with the ability of virus to enter cells. If the virus entry process is inhibited, then spread of infection within an individual might be inhibited. As discussed earlier, HIV virus particles initially attach to cells by way of the cellular receptor for CD4 protein, which is embedded in the surface of normal T lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently, recombinant DNA techniques have been used to make large amounts of a part of the pure CD4 protein. Test-tube experiments have shown that if this CD4 protein fragment is incubated with T lymphocytes or macrophages, it can saturate all the CD4 receptors and prevent subsequent infection with HIV. It is possible that this approach might be effective in people, as well. 

Recently, the possibility to use C60 as anti-inflammatory compound has been reported (Huang et al., 2008). Fullerene-xanthine hybrids have been studied to determine if nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages can be inhibited by hybrid administration, finding positive results. The presence of xanthine moiety seems to be essential for the inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-a production, while the fullerene portion ameliorates the efficiency in LPS-induced NO production blockage, leading to a new promising class of potent anti-inflammatoiy agents. It is necessary to mention also the opposite results obtained by an amino acid fullerene derivative tested on human epidermal keratinocytes at concentration from 0.4 to 400 pg/mL. 

A number of compounds [(t 4-2-pyrone)Fe(CO)3] have been tested for CO release and toxicity. Three were found to release CO, 19-21, and were also tested for toxicity with IC 0 = 132, 89 and 95 pM for 19, 20 and 21, respectively. 19 causes vasodilatation of aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine [196], Subsequently, this was extended to cell viability, cytotoxicity and inhibition of nitrite production by using murine RAW264.7 macrophages and compound 22 was included [197]. Of these compounds, 19 was the most promising. 

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