Cogeneration facilities

Depew, C.A., M.H. Hashemi, M.D. Price, Dynamic Simulation Advanced Control Design Tool for a Cogeneration Facility, ISA proceedings 1987, Anaheim, California. 

The SCON Ox process has been used for the removal of NO in gas turbines in a few installations in the USA (32 MW Sunlaw Federal cogeneration facility, 5 MW Wyeth Biopharma plant, 15 MW University of California cogeneration facility in San Diego). However, the high cost of the SCONOx process, primarily due to the cost of the noble metal in the catalysts, represents a serious limitation on its extensive use. 

Monolith catalysts are used for the control of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon (known as volatile organic compounds or VOCs) emissions from chemical plants and cogeneration facilities. In this case, square bricks are stacked on top of one another in a wall perpendicular to the flow of exhaust gases at the appropriate temperature location within the heat recovery boiler. The size of the brick can vary from 6 in (ceramic) to 21 ft (metal). Pt and Pd catalysts are used at operating temperatures between 600 and 1200°F. Cell sizes typically range between 100 and 400 cells per square inch. Typical pressure drop requirements for monoliths are less than 2 in of water. 

The SPR plant handles of 43 tons/day on a two-line pretreatment section, 40 tons/day on a two-line pyrolysis and oil distillation section, and operates a 2000 kW x 2 line cogeneration facilities (Fignre 26.7) that nses pyrolysis heavy oil as fnel. The pretreatment section is operated by two operators and three forklift operators for 10 honrs per day, and the pyrolysis and oil distillation section is continnonsly operated for 24 hours per day. 

In California (US), a 385 MW cogeneration facility comprising four gas turbine combined cycle trains is in operation [137]. Separate fuels such as natural gas, butane, and refinery fuel gas may be used. The refinery gas contains 800 ppm (by volume) sulfur. Sulfur was removed from the fuel before it was burnt in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup system includes a CO oxidation catalyst and downstream from this catalyst a SCR system. 

Coarse coal refuse has been successfully used for the construction of highway embankments in both the United States and Great Britain. Coarse coal refuse has also been blended with fly ash and used in a number of stabilized road base installations. Burnt coarse refuse has also been used as an unbound aggregate for shoulders and secondary roads. Fine coal refuse has been recovered for reuse as fuel and is being burned in many cogeneration facilities now operating in the United States... 

Due to the high cost of energy prevalent almost everywhere, it will be found that cogeneration facilities installed in a sulfuric acid plant will pay for themselves in a short period of time. 

System interfaces. Technicians will be responsible for the interconnections between the fuel cells and the systems with which they are connected (utility grids and building power plant and cogeneration facilities). 

Electrical power is one of the most essential inputs for a chemical industry. Requirement of power for plant construction and operation, installations for drawing power from external grid, using it safely and efficiently in the industry, and cogeneration facilities are important. 

Excess power, steam, hot water, hot air generated available from waste heat recovery units, and cogeneration facilities,... 

Captive power generation or cogeneration facilities may have to be operated below their optimum efi ciency point or may become partially idle. 

Examine the existing infrastracture—cooling systems, water treatment plants, ETP, availability of power, cogeneration facilities, packaged boilers, and DG... 

The SCONOx process has been introduced in very few cogeneration units in United States, including the 32-MW Sunlaw Federal cogeneration facility, the Wyeth Biopharma plant (5 MW), and the 15-MW University of California, San Diego cogeneration facility. NO emission levels at or below 1.0 ppm have been demonstrated. However, the costs associated with the catalyst and the mechanical installation make this technology more expensive than SCR, so that its use is very limited and confined to either lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) technology or NHa-limited applications. 

Steam Pumps. Steam pumps are normally found at large paper mills and other facilities with reliable steam and large boilers. Unless a semiconductor manufacturing facility had a cogeneration facility providing steam, the steam may not be practical. 

The coupling of a nuclear energy system with a cogeneration facility creates unique challenges as well as unique opportunities for competitive performance characteristics... 

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