Lowercase Roman Letters

Design compressive strength of masonry in the horizontal direction Design tensile strength of masonry Mean value of the tensile strength of masonry fyi Design shear strength of masonry 

Coefficient of efficiency in the horizontal direction kw Coefficient of efficiency in the vertical direction 

Pb Distance between layers of bars in the confinement of masonry columns Pf Spacing of FRP strips or discontinuous FRP U-wraps tf Thickness of FRP laminate 

Xe Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis 

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Name electron subshells and atomic orbitals with the lowercase roman letters s, p, d, and f. Write principal energy levels 1-7 on the line and to the left of the letter give the number of electrons in the orbital as a superscript to the right of the letter. Specify orbital axes with italic subscripts. 

We generally denote scalars by lowercase Greek letters (e.g., P), column vectors by boldface lowercase Roman letters (e.g., x), and matrices by capital italic Roman letters (e.g., H). A superscriptT denotes a vector or matrix transpose. Thus xT is a row vector, xTy is an inner product, and AT is the transpose of the matrix A. Unless stated otherwise, all vectors belong to R , the u-dimen-sional vector space. Components of a vector are typically written as italic letters with subscripts (e.g., xux2,.. . , ). The standard basis vectors in R" are the n vectors ei,e2,. . . , e , where e has the entry 1 in the th component and 0 in all others. Often, the associated vector norm is the standard Euclidean norm, j 2, defined as... 

Subclasses of GSTs are denoted by Arabic numerals separated by a hyphen, and genetic variants thereof are further denoted with lowercase roman letters. Examples of human GSTs are given in Table 8.13, along with the tissues in which they have been found in the greatest density. 

Lowercase roman letters usually denote molar properties of a phase. Thus, g, A. s, and v are the molar Gibbs energy, molar enthalpy, molar entropy, and molar volume. Whan it is essentia] to distinguish between a molar property of a mixture nod that of a pure component, we identify the pure-component property by a subscript. For example, ft, is the molar enthalpy of pure i. Total properties are usually designated by capilal letters, Thus H is the total enthalpy of a mixture it is related to the molar mixture enihelpy A by H nh. where n is the total number of moles in the mixture. 

Matrix elements 5 are the overlap matrix elements we have seen before. For a general matrix element (we here adopt a convention that basis functions are indexed by lowercase Greek letters, while MOs are indexed by lower-case Roman letters) we compute... 

Name the electronic states of atoms with the uppercase roman letters S, P, D, F, G, H, I, and K, corresponding to quantum numbers l = 0-7. Use the corresponding lowercase letters to indicate the orbital angular momentum of a single electron. The left superscript is the spin multiplicity the right subscript is the total angular momentum quantum number /. 

Name the electronic states of molecules with the uppercase roman letters A, B, E, and T the ground state is X. Use the corresponding lowercase letters for one-electron orbitals. A tilde ( ) is added for polyatomic molecules. The subscripts describe the symmetry of the orbital. 

To use the CFR, you need an understanding of the hierarchy of the paragraph numbering system. The numbering system is a mixture of letters and numbers. Prior to 1979, italicized lowercase letters and lowercase roman nnmerals were nsed. A change was made after 1979. 

If after 1979 there are subparagraphs to the lowercase Roman numerals, then a capital or uppercase letter is used, such as (A), (B),. .. (F). Any other subparagraph falling under an uppercase letter is numbered using brackets. For example, (i), (5),. .., (23), and any subparagraph to the bracketed numbers would be denoted by an italicized Roman numeral as follows (i), (iv),..., (ix). 

There is no universally recognized system for the nomenclature of polymorphs. They are often labeled with Arabic (1, 2, 3,. . . ) or Roman (I, II, III, IV,. . . ) numerals, lowercase or uppercase Roman letters (a, b, c,. .. or A, B, C,. . . ) or lowercase Greek letters (a, (3, y,. . . ), or by names descriptive of properties (red form, low-temperature polymorph, metastable modification, etc.). If polymorphs are described by Roman numerals, it is a common convention to label the polymorph with the highest melting point with I, the one with the second highest with II, and so on. This notation vdll be used in this chapter. 

Roman numerals are used with the apothecary s system of measurement to designate quantities on prescription. In the Roman system of counting, letters of the alphabet (both uppercase and lowercase) such as I or i, V or v, and X or x are used to designate numbers. A few commonly used Roman numerals and their Arabic equivalents are given in Table 1.1. 

Matrices are shown in bold capital letters e.g. R), column vectors in bold lowercase letters (e.g. c) (row vectors are transposed column vectors) and scalars in italic characters (e.g. q). True values are indicated by Greek characters or the subscript true . Calculated or measured values are indicated by Roman characters. The hat ( ), used in the literature to indicate calculated, has been dropped to simplify the notation whether the magnitude is measured or calculated can be deduced from the context. The running indexes in multivariate calibration are as follows k = 1 to Al analytes are present in z = 1 to I... 

The names of chemical compounds may consist of one or more words, and they may include locants, descriptors, and syllabic portions. Locants and descriptors can be numerals, element symbols, small capital letters, Greek letters, Latin letters, italic words and letters, and combinations of these. Treat the word or syllabic portions of chemical names just like other common nouns use roman type, keep them lowercase in text, capitalize them at the beginnings of sentences and in titles, and hyphenate them only when they do not fit completely on one line. 

Structures are identified in text with boldface numerals (either arabic or roman), boldface alphabet letters (capital or lowercase), or a combination of... 

Subsections appear first as lowercase letters, numbers, and Roman numerals. Subsections of subsections appear as italicized, lowercase letters, numbers, and Roman numerals (OSHATI, 1994, chap. 2). 

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