Uppercase Roman Letters

Area of concrete cross-section, net of steel reinforcement Area of FRP reinforcement Area of FRP shear reinforcement Area of one stirrup leg Area of steel reinforcement Young s modulus of elasticity of concrete Young s modulus of elasticity of FRP reinforcement Young s modulus of elasticity of the fiber itself Young s modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement Design value of the maximum anchorage force transferred by the FRP reinforcement bonded on a masomy structure in the presence of a force perpendicular to the bonded surface area Shear modulus of adhesive Shear modulus of concrete Moment of inertia of transformed section 

Moment of inertia of FRP reinforcement about its centroidal axis parallel 

Bending moment on r.c. section acting before FRP strengthening Axial capacity of FRP-confined concrete member Axial capacity of FRP-confined masomy Factored axial force 

Torsional capacity of FRP-confined concrete member Torsional capacity of the compressed concrete element FRP contribution to the torsional capacity 

5 Strengthening of Reinforced and Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Structures 

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Denote electron shells with the uppercase roman letters K, L, M, and N. 

Name the electronic states of atoms with the uppercase roman letters S, P, D, F, G, H, I, and K, corresponding to quantum numbers l = 0-7. Use the corresponding lowercase letters to indicate the orbital angular momentum of a single electron. The left superscript is the spin multiplicity the right subscript is the total angular momentum quantum number /. 

Name the electronic states of molecules with the uppercase roman letters A, B, E, and T the ground state is X. Use the corresponding lowercase letters for one-electron orbitals. A tilde ( ) is added for polyatomic molecules. The subscripts describe the symmetry of the orbital. 

There is no universally recognized system for the nomenclature of polymorphs. They are often labeled with Arabic (1, 2, 3,. . . ) or Roman (I, II, III, IV,. . . ) numerals, lowercase or uppercase Roman letters (a, b, c,. .. or A, B, C,. . . ) or lowercase Greek letters (a, (3, y,. . . ), or by names descriptive of properties (red form, low-temperature polymorph, metastable modification, etc.). If polymorphs are described by Roman numerals, it is a common convention to label the polymorph with the highest melting point with I, the one with the second highest with II, and so on. This notation vdll be used in this chapter. 

Roman numerals are used with the apothecary s system of measurement to designate quantities on prescription. In the Roman system of counting, letters of the alphabet (both uppercase and lowercase) such as I or i, V or v, and X or x are used to designate numbers. A few commonly used Roman numerals and their Arabic equivalents are given in Table 1.1. 

If after 1979 there are subparagraphs to the lowercase Roman numerals, then a capital or uppercase letter is used, such as (A), (B),. .. (F). Any other subparagraph falling under an uppercase letter is numbered using brackets. For example, (i), (5),. .., (23), and any subparagraph to the bracketed numbers would be denoted by an italicized Roman numeral as follows (i), (iv),..., (ix). 

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