Low risk

Cases 3 and 4 are both exploration prospects, since the volumes of potential oil present are multiplied by a chance factor which represents the probability of there being oil there at all. For example, case 3 has an estimated probability of oil present of 65%, i.e. low risk of failure fo find oil (35%). However, even if there is oil present, the volume is small no greater than 130 MMstb. This would be a low risk, low reward prospect. 

By contrast, HLW from LWR fuel reprocessing is stored ia cooled, well-agitated, stainless steel tanks as an acidic nitrate solution having relatively few sohds. Modem PUREX flow sheets minimise the addition of extraneous salts, and as a result the HLW is essentially a fission-product nitrate solution. Dissolver soHds are centrifuged from the feed stream and are stored separately. Thus the HLW has a low risk of compromising tank integrity and has a favorable composition for solidification and disposal (11). 

A company may be considering a project with a very high potential rate of return and a low risk, but it may prove impossible to raise the money to start the project. Conversely, the company may be prepared to undertake an extremely risky project if the investment is trivial. Thus, the attitude of a company to risk depends on the circumstances. 

A material that has a high toxicity does not necessarily present a severe toxic hazard. For example, a ton of lead arsenate spilled in a busy street is unhkely to poison members of the public just a short distance from the spiU, because it is not mobile. It could be carefully recovered and removed and would present a low risk to the gener pubhc, even though it is extremely toxic. On the other hand, a ton of liquefied chlorine spilled on the same street could become about 11,000 fF of pure gas. The IDLH for chlorine is 25 ppm. This is a concentration such that immediate action is required. Thus, the one ton of chlorine, if mixed uniformly with air, could create a cloud of considerable concern, having a volume of about 4.4 X 10 fF or a sphere 770 ft in diameter. This could quickly spread over downwind areas and... 

One test, made at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, " identified two areas of the UK in which the incidence of stomach cancer was particularly high and two in which it was particularly low. People attending hospitals in these areas as visitors rather than patients were asked to provide samples of saliva. The hypothesis suggested that samples from the high-risk areas should contain more nitrite and nitrate than those from the low-risk areas, but this was not so. The samples from the low-risk populations had nitrate concentrations 50% greater than those from the high-risk areas. 

Risk is a nebulous concept, but when low risk equipment leads to major consequences, the public teds that. something is wrong - especially after the media perform their work. Putting risk on a mathematical foundation is a first step in setting a number to risk. 

The DPSE found an acceptably low risk that was dominated by releases during normal operation. The mean risk of the station was estimated to be 9E6 Sv/y to the individual at ihe sue boundary and 7E4 person-Sv/yr to the surrounding population to a distance of 100 km. The consequences of events beyond the design basis were not calculated but their frequency was predic(cd to be 4E-6 /rcactor-y which is acceptably low. The mean economic risk was estimated to be about 10 M /reactor-yr. 

Not dread, not global catastrophic, consequences nor fatal, equitable, low risk to future generations, easily reduced risk decreasing, voluntary... 

Class I-III Cabinets Containment cabinets used for various requirements. In a high-risk area, a Class III cabinet would be used. Class I and II cabinets are used in low-risk areas. 

Howci cr, this linear equation is valid only at low risk levels (i.e., below estimated risks of 0.01). For situations where chemical intakes might be liigh (i.e., risk above 0.01), an altcrmilc equation should be used. The one-liit equation, which is consistent with the linear low-dose model given above and described below, should be used instead. 

A casualty insurance company has liigli, medium, and low risk policyholders who have probabilities 0.02, 0.01, and 0.0025, respectively, of filing a claim widiin any given year. The proportions of company policy -holders in die du-ee risk groups are O.IO, 0.20 and 0.70. Wliat proportion of claims filed each year come from die low risk group ... 

Class I devices are considered low-risk devices and represent approximately 50% of all devices regulated by the FDA. A device is assigned to Class I if general controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance as to the safety and effectiveness of the device. Devices that are not life-supporting or life-sustaining, or are for a use which is... 

For low-risk devices the manufacturer may make a declaration of conformity with the essential requirements on the basis of a self-assessment, without any input from a Notified Body. In the case of Clas s I devices that are sterile or have a measuring function. Notified Body involvement is required, to provide assurance as to the effectiveness of the sterilisation process or the meteorological traceability of values as appropriate. 

As this strategy evolves over time, it can be expected that the FDA will devote more of its resources to the oversight of high-risk operations and emerging technologies, with consequently less attention on low-risk activities. 

The identification of co-occurring medical problems is an important element in detoxification (Naranjo and Sellers 1986). Good supportive care and treatment of concurrent illness, including fluid and electrolyte repletion, are essential (Naranjo and Sellers 1986). Administration of thiamine (50—100 mg/day po or im) and multivitamins is a low-cost, low-risk intervention for the prophylaxis and treatment of alcohol-related neurological disturbances. 

Gianoulakis C, Beliveau D, Angelogianni P, et al Different pituitary beta-endorphin and adrenal cortisol response to ethanol in individuals with high and low risk for future development of alcoholism. Life Sci 45 1097-1109, 1989 Gianoulakis C, Krishnan B, Thavundayil J Enhanced sensitivity of pituitary beta-endorphin to ethanol in subjects at high risk of alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 250-257, 1996... 

Benzodiazepines have a low risk for abuse in anxiety disorder patients without a history of alcohol or other substance abuse. Among the benzodiazepines there may be a spectrum of abuse liability, with drugs that serve as prodrugs for desmethyldiazepam (e.g., clorazepate), slow-onset agents (e.g., oxazepam), and partial agonists (e.g., abecarnil) having the least potential for abuse. However, there is no currently marketed benzodiazepine or related drug that is free of potential for abuse. 

Regional PEC/PNEC ratios are all substantially lower than 1, indicating low risk from general... 

Wide limits the statement the result is within limits would carry a very low risk of being wrong the limits would be so far apart as to be meaningless. 

Example 61 The raw data, given as %-of-nominal values with one decimal place, are found in Table 4.37 For each group of 10 values the mean and the standard deviation were calculated. Using these, the t-values for the differences L - mean, with L = 75, 85, 115, resp. 125% were determined they are all above 2.9, indicating low risk. The corresponding CP-values were calculated the differences ACP75-85 and ACP 15-125 were added and multiplied by 100 to obtain the approximate risk, in %, of finding a result between the inner and the outer limits. For a content uniformity test with n = 10 tablets, a risk of 0.003872% translates into a deviant result once every 20-25 trials, or, with six CU runs per batch, every third or fourth batch. 

Compliance. There is a common approach, taken by companies looking at ELN systems, to view them as risky this is mostly in comparison to what is seen as the gold standard of reliability and low risk, the paper notebook. In fact, there is an alternative approach to thinking about the implementation of an IP and regulatory records management system (which is just what a paper or electronic notebook is) that does take into consideration the risks associated with paper notebooks. 

The effectiveness of a QA-related independent Part 11 audit is dependent on the checklist or audit plan utilized. Here, provided as a model, is a two-part audit checklist. The depth of the evidence and support required is dependent on the results of the risk assessment All high-, medium-, or low-risk systems should be subject to the same general questions. 

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