Long-term response

PKC is a family of enzymes whose members play central roles in transducing information from external stimuli to cellular responses. Members of this family of serine/ threonine kinases respond to signals that cause lipid hydrolysis. PKC isozymes phosphorylate an abundance of substrates, leading to both short-term cellular responses such as regulation of membrane transport and long-term responses such as memory and learning. 

Fig. 5-5. The long-term response of carbon in atmosphere and ocean to a fossil fuel source distributed over hundreds of years.

Consumer segment risk aversion/risk perception Passive vs aggressive responses Irrational vs rational responses Short- vs long-term responses... 

At the level of a single cell, bound carriers/receptors are known to trigger both short-term responses, such as the activation of various intracellular enzymes and long-term responses involving gene regulation, including the synthesis of... 

Oguz E, Dagdeviren B, Bilsel T, et al. Echocardio-graphic prediction of long-term response to biventricular pacemaker in severe heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2002 4 83-90. 

Encouragement of the pharmaceutical industry to take a more active, direct, long-term responsibility for the safety of their products and customers, through reallocation of priorities and funds, as part of corporate social responsibility. 

Mattson ME, Del Boca FK, Carroll KM, Cooney NL, DiClemente CC, Donovan D, Kadden RM, McRee B, Rice C, Rycharik RG Zweben A (1998). Compliance with treatment and follow-up protocols in project MATCH predictors and relationship to outcome. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1328-39 Maxwell S Shinderman MS (2002). Optimizing long-term response to methadone maintenance treatment a 152-week followup using higher-dose methadone. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 21, 1-12 McBride AJ, Sullivan JT Blewett A (1997). Amphetamine prescribing as a harm reduction measure a preliminary study. Addiction Research, 5, 95-112... 

The USEPA has estimated that the market value for remediation of non-federal facilities is 6.7 billion (1996 dollars). This estimated cost does not include costs for site assessment and studies, design, operation and maintenance, long-term responses, site management, administrative cost, other agency support, oversight of potentially responsible parties (PRPs), and enforcement activities. The estimate was based on the assumption that PRPs will be responsible for at least 70% of the cost. 

R4. Russell, A., and Young, W. F., Severe idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia Long term response of two cases to low calcium diet. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 47, 1036-1040 (1954). 

Waxman DJ, Morrissey JJ, Naik S, et al. Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P450 high-level long-term responsiveness of primary rat hepatocyte cultures to drug induction, and glucocorticoid dependence of the phenobarbital response. Biochem J 1990 271 113-119. 

Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Pilato F, Satumo E, Dileone M, Marra C, Ghirlanda S, Ranieri F, Gainotti G, Tonali P. Neurophysiological predictors of long term response to AChE inhibitors in AD patients. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 1064-9. 

Blood (glucose) Physiological Short-term response Long-term response... 

All three aspects of the Ink behavior—Initiation, short term steady flow, and long term response—may have Importance In Ink performance and are being studied In this program. This paper, however, focuses only on the short term steady flow regime and small amplitude oscillatory experiments. 

Raimbault, P., and Gentilhomme, V. (1990). Short- and long-term responses of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to spike additions of nitrate at nanomolar levels. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 135, 161-176. 

Module 10 Post interview/post simulation interview To ascertain past history of contact with chemicals and training. To test the effect of a brief explanation of symbols, signal words, colours and hazard statements on ranking for severity of hazard, and comprehension. To identify chemical information needs from subjects. Variables derived from training and past experience for stratified analysis of responses to modules 3 to 9. Results will help to indicate whether training should be the subject of more detailed evaluation in the long term. Responses to questions on needs for chemical information can be useful to GHS efforts on chemical safety. 

Comins H. N. and McMurtrie R. E. (1993) Long-term response of nutrient-limited forests to CO2 enrichment—equilibrium behavior of plant-soil models. Ecol. Appl. 3(4), 666-681. 

Considerable uncertainty surrounds the short- and long-term response of biota to altered temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Although enhanced photosynthesis is observed in some species under increased atmospheric C02 concentrations, unpredictable species changes and replacements are likely under altered climate. If the net effect of biotic change... 

A long-term response by the endothelium which seems to be exacerbated by recirculation has also been described. After a minimum period of a 2-h ischaemia followed by 2 h of recirculation, endothelial denudation exposing subendothelial tissues occurred in about a third of small arteries after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery of the rat.34 When arterial occlusion was extended to 6 h, followed by 2 h of recirculation, endothelial denudation was more widespread to the extent that the entire luminal surface of the basal lamina was exposed. This allowed platelet adhesion and fibrin deposition to occur.34... 

Previously, a common clinical practice was to administer a short course (2 weeks) of oral corticosteroids as a trial to predict which patients would benefit from chronic oral or inhaled corticosteroids. There is now sufficient evidence suggesting that this practice is not effective in predicting a long-term response to inhaled corticosteroid and should not be recommended. ... 

Carbonnel F, Boruchowicz A, Duclos B, et al. Intravenous cyclosporine in attacks of ulcerative colitis Short-term and long-term responses. Dig Dis Sci 1996 41 2471-2476. 

The goal of antiretroviral therapy is to achieve maximum suppression of HIV replication. This is commonly interpreted to be a plasma viral load less than the lower limit of quantitation (i.e., undetectable). Long-term response to therapy (i.e., durability) is determined by the viral load nadir achieved. Another equally important outcome is an increase in CD4 lymphocytes because this determines the risk for developing opportunistic infections. Occasionally, patients may respond virologicaUy or immunologically without the other—the reasons for this discordance are unclear. The ultimate goal of antiretroviral therapy, however, is decreased morbidity and mortality. 

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