Information-transducing

Electrochemical information transducers can be grouped according to their functions ... 

This chapter mainly concerns Itself with three major fields of blofunctlonal synthetic membranes (1) blocatalytlc, (2) energy-transducing and (3) Information-transducing membranes (Figure 1). 

In addition to blocatalytlc, energy-transducing and Information transducing membranes, there are, of course, other types of blofunctlonal synthetic membranes. However, this review concentrates on these three Important blofunctlonal membranes. The historical background of their development, the molecular mechanism In biological membranes on which blofunctlonal synthetic membranes are modelled, the methodology of membrane preparation and current trends In the research and development are described. 

In 1969, Chlbata and co-workers (20) succeeded in developing the first Industrial process Incorporating Immobilized enzymes. Since then a number of applications for Immobilized biocatalysts have appeared In various areas. Updike and Hicks (21) proposed a novel use for membrane-bound enzymes for an analytical device, an "enzyme electrode," which bases its selectivity on the membrane-bound enzyme. The details appear below In the section on "Information-transducing Membranes."... 

Maggio, B., Fanani, M.L., Rosetti, C.M., Wilke, N. 2006. Biophysics of sphingolipids II. Glycosphingolipids an assortment of multiple structural information transducers at the membrane surface. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1758 1922-1944. 

Azzi, A., Boscoboinik, D., Marilley, D., Ozer, N.K., Stauble, B., and Tasinato, A., Vitamin E a sensor and an information transducer of the cell oxidation state. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (6 Suppl), 1337S-1346S, 1995. 

Edell, D., A peripheral nerve information transducer for amputees long-term multichannel recordings from rabbit peripheral nerves. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1986. 33 203-214. 

We have reviewed a recent progress on the electrochemistry of LB films and related films of functionalized molecules including molecular wire compounds, phthalocyanines, artificial lipids, proteins and fullerene derivatives, and carbon nanotubes. Ultrathin films with ordered structures on substrates should be promising nanomaterials for future nanoelectronic and molecular-information transducers with controllable and fine structures at the molecular level. The construction of such artificial nanomolecular devices is a great challenge in the near future. 

Another relevant area is the study of order/disorder phenomena, acknowledging that microscopically tiny fluctuations can be somewhat immediately amplified to a macroscopic scale. What seems to be a purely random event on one level can appear to be deterministically lawful behavior on some other level. Quantum mechanics may serve as another example where the question of measurement is actually the eminent question of interpreting macroscopic images of the quantum-scale events. Factually we construct things on the basis of information, which we may call information transducers. 

Fig. 8. — Newcomen s steam engine as the primary milestone in the novel exploitation of heat and its alternative use other than for effortless getting warmness with the original sketch of cylinder with piston (middle), which can be acquainted with the shared employment of all four elements (where the earth-based construction represents the joining in-form = information transducer). Right it is added by illustrative drawing of the mechanical control torque, factually the first automaton realized through the Watt s innovative governor. ...

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