Local roads

Access to a seaport will be limited by the ability of total traffic generated by the docks and the incorporation of these traffic movements into the local road system. 

The operators were afraid to use the nearby telephone to raise the alarm or to start their truck because they could be ignition sources, so they walked to the pump house, which took 15 minutes. Fifteen minutes after that, the refinery firefighters arrived and again failed to close the valves. The refinery had a well-rehearsed evacuation plan, and effort to stop nearby traffic was initiated. A local road was not closed in time and, 35 minutes after the initial release, the propane cloud was ignited by a car on the road 4,120 ft (1,250 m) away. 

Before leaving, in order to know what to expect in terms of traffic and the types of roads (city streets, local roads, or superhighways), and to get a feel for the number of turns, the distance, and the estimated duration of the journey. 

Describe access including distance from site to Interstate highways Major local roads Central business district... 

In 1990 the IHT produced guidelines on the Safety Audit of Highways, adopted by many local authorities who started to carry out Road Safety Audits on local roads. 

On local road schemes there is more flexibility in the way Road Safety Audits are undertaken but there are some fundamental guidelines that should be applied when carrying out Road Safety Audits. 

The National Roads Authority in Ireland introduced a comprehensive Road Safety Audit procedure and guidelines. Many local road authorities in the country have followed their lead in carrying out Road Safety Audits on local roads. 

At present. Road Safety Audit is mandatory on all new trunk road schemes in the UK, and the majority of highway authorities carry out Road Safety Audits on local road schemes. It may be argued that Road Safety Audits should be mandatory for all road schemes. 

Soil cement may form layers under bituminous or concrete pavements in road structures. It is also used in construction of slope protection, liners for channels or reservoirs and various kinds of stabilization layers under structural foundations. The application of soil cements for construction of local roads in rural regions, particularly in developing countries, is spreading. Usually, the soil cement layers are maintained permanently in high-moisture conditions during service. 

Projects on existing very low-volume local roads may involve reconstruction, resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration and other improvements. Changes to roadway or roadside geometries during such projects are generally recommended only where there is a documentable site-specific safety problem that can potentially be corrected by a roadway or road side improvement. 

Ohio—Bridges on expressways and arterials are to have minimum design capacity of HS-20 all other roads are to be HS-15, except that local roads with ADTs of 50 or less can have an HS-10 capacity. 

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guidelines for Geometric Design of Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT s 400), AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2001. 

In most cases, the specific protective action criteria for severe core damage accidents have been developed after consideration of plant and local conditions. For example, the areas planned to be evacuated may be confined to a valley around the site, or the specific evacuation sector boundaries may be determined by local roads. This delineation is done so that the local population can understand the evacuation instructions. 

Often, the evacuation time estimates are dominated by assumptions of how long it will take to notify people and for them to get ready to leave. Sometimes it is assumed that it will take an hour or more for pre-evacuation preparation. Actual experience has shown, however, that, if people are told and motivated to "go now," most will follow instructions, and most will evacuate very fast. Except for special cases where there is a large population near the site (e.g., Zion and Indian Point) or where there is some special population (e.g., hospital patients), the area near the site should be able to be evacuated in I hr or less. Because of the NRC s siting criteria, there is a limited population (<300 people) within 2 miles of most sites. In these cases, the capacity of the local roads will be great enough so as not to delay an evacuation. 

The crash occurred on a section of local road near her hometown, a section with which she was very familiar. It was a typical two-lane, two-way rural road and was part of a route Abbey had driven frequently with her father while she was a learner driver acquiring the 120 hours of supervised experience required before a Victorian learner can apply for a provisional driving licence. Her parents had been conscientious in ensuring that she logged her quota of hours under a variety of driving conditions. 

The shire has a duty of care for the inherent safety of its local road netwoik. While it had approached the state government road authority about improvements and reduced speed limits on some of the state roads, it was now seeking to reduce the risk travellers faced on its own local road network. 

The shire faced resistance for a while from the state road authority, which has the sole authority to set speed limits on all roads in the state. This poses an interesting dilemma for local authorities in terms of responsibility for safety on the local roads. 

Local Road Safety Audit procedures generally cover the following items ... 

The situation on local roads is not often as clear cut. Some authorities audit all schemes related to new developments on an in-house basis. Others insist that an independent... 

HD 19/15 provides advice and guidance on how to undertake Road Safety Audits on trunk roads (including motorways). On local road schemes there is more flexibility in the way Road Safety Audits are undertaken, and more advice can be found in the Institution of Highways and Transportation (IHT) Road Safety Audit guidelines (IHT, 2008). Some local authorities have their own procedures for carr3ring out Road Safety Audits in their own areas. However, there are six fundamental principles that should always be applied when carrying out Road Safety Audits, regardless of the jurisdiction. 

For schemes on local roads, the use of quality audits and a balanced design approach as advocated in the latest IHT Road Safety Audit guidelines could be adopted to reach a final decision. 

In order to defend a claim, the defendant authority wiU probably need to demonstrate that it has carried out the Road Safety Audit in line with industry standards. It may be possible to demonstrate that the Road Safety Audit had been carried out in line with a lesser standard , provided that it can be shown that the lesser standard has been prepared in accordance with a formal local policy drawn up to allocate scarce resources effectively. For this reason, local authorities are advised to examine the Road Safety Audit standard HD 19/15 and to decide which aspects they wish to adopt formally. They should then write local procedures explaining where and why they depart from the standard, and should have those procedures adopted by local politicians as a formal policy. Good advice on producing a local Road Safety Audit procedure is given in the Institution of Highways and Transportation s Road Safety Audit guidelines (IHT, 2008). 

The National Roads Authority (NRA) in Ireland fully revised the Road Safety Audit standard (HD 19/12) within the Irish Design Manual for Roads and Bridges in 2012 (NRA, 2012). Many local road authorities in the country carry out Road Safety Audits on local roads, and the Department of Transport in Ireland requires that local road authorities bidding for safety funding for roads schemes undertake Road Safety Audits on such schemes in line with the requirements in the standard. 

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