Citrus dried

Sodium copper chlorophyllin, approved by the FDA as a color additive in citrus-based dry beverage mixes, should have a ratio of absorbance (SoretQ band) not less than 3.4 and not more than 3.9. In Europe, purity criteria of the food additives E141[i] and E141[ii], which are copper complexes of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin, respectively, are set out in the EC color specifications that include identification and spectrophotometric assay tests. ... 

Citrus (oranges, lemons, grapefruit) is processed into juice and oil for human uses and into molasses and dried pulp for use as animal feed. The fruit is first washed with a detergent and rinsed with water. The oil is localized in oil sacs on the surface of the fruit. The surface is scarified under a water spray to form an emulsion of oil and water. The oil is recovered by centrifugation. Altered to remove high melting point fats, and dried with sodium sulfate, which is removed by filtration. 

In fruit penetration studies 8 pounds of fruit were first thoroughly scrubbed with warm 10% trisodium phosphate solution and then rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Citrus fruits, if depth of penetration into the peel was of interest, were peeled in longitudinal sections with a buttonhook peeler and the albedo or white portion was separated from the flavedo or colored portion. The separated peel was placed in pie tins lined with waxed paper and dried in a forced draft oven at 65° C. for 16 hours. The dried peel was then crushed and steeped for 48 hours in a measured volume of benzene sufficient to cover the sample. If, on the other hand, only the total amount of DDT in the peel was of interest, the fruit was halved and juiced on a power juicer. The pulp was removed, the peel sliced, and the sample dried and treated as before. Thin-skinned fruits, such as apples, pears, and avocados, were peeled with a vegetable peeler, cores or seeds were removed, and the pulp was sliced in thin slices. Pulp and peel were then dried and treated in the same way as the citrus peel. The steeping completed, the samples were filtered through Sharkskin filter paper and the volume of benzene recovered was noted. 

FW fresh weight mg/100ml, mg/100g dry material, Citrus peel and seeds... 

Tsai HL, Chang SKC and Chang SJ. 2007. Antioxidant content and free radical scavenging ability of fresh red pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] juice and freeze-dried products. J Agric Food Chem 55(8) 2867-2872. 

Gum acacia is a unique polysaccharide, with some peptides as part of the structure and has a range of different uses. It was originally the gum in gum sweets although some gum sweets do contain modified starch as a substitute. The replacement of gum is not because the substitute performs better but because there have been supply problems with gum acacia. Gum acacia is likely to be encountered in bakeries in small quantities when it has been used to make emulsions of citrus oils as a bakery flavour. It is possible to use gum acacia in making dry flavours from oils such as citrus by making an emulsion and then spray drying it. 

Another study employed an ODS column and different mobile phase composition for the measurement of carotenoids in orange juice. Citrus fruits were hand-squeezed and the juice was filtered. Aliquots of 5 ml of juice were extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 50 ml) containing 0.004 per cent butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT). The organic phase was dried with 50 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate and the aqueous phase was mixed with 50 ml of mehanol and 100 ml of 1 M NaCl, extracted with 75 and 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fractions were combined, evaporated to dryness at 40°C and redissolved in the mobile phase. Extracts were analysed in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 jian). The mobile phase consisted of ACN-methanol-l,2-dichloroethane (60 35 5, v/v) containing 0.1 per cent BHT, 0.1 per cent triethylamine and 0.05 M of ammonium acetate. The column was not thermostated and the flow rate was 1 ml/min. Pigments were detected... 

Citrus pectin ( Polygalacturonic Acid Methyl Ester from Citrus Fruits, Grade I ) was obtained from the Sigma Chemical Company. It had a galacturonic acid content of 89% and a degree of esterification of 57. Separate aqueous solutions of citrus pectin were freeze-dried and air-dried in deionized water. These samples were replicated with 9.8A Pt/C and backed with 148A of carbon. The replicas for these samples were picked up without a carbon support film (38). 

Since the x-ray fiber diffraction measurements based on citrus pectin (32) were consistent with the TEM measurements of tobacco pectin, we prepared a gel from citrus pectin similar to the previous x-ray sample. This gel was then examined by TEM. Air-dried samples of this gel, shown in Figure 5, demonstrated long stretches of helix in the molecules lying on the surface. (In the freeze-dried gels—not shown—only short stretches of helix were visible.) The average filament width in the air-dried gel was found to be 14.2A. After correcting for the added size due to the Pt/C coating... 

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that high resolution TEM is a valuable complement to x-ray fiber diffraction analysis and chemical structural elucidation. Its application provided information about the organization of pectin in cell walls and in calcium-free gels. Using freeze-dried samples that were Pt/C replicated, we demonstrated tobacco pectin filaments in a gel to be of the same diameter as the filaments on the noncutinized lower epidermal surface of senescing Coker 319 tobacco leaves. These filaments were 7.1 3A and 4.6 4.8A, respectively, and roughly the same diameter, 7A, as fiber-diffraction modeled citrus pectin (32). Replicated... 

Figure 5. Air-dried, Pt/C replicated gel prepared from citrus pectin. This image features two pectin filaments with left-handed surface striations having 13A spacings (Each bar = 25A.)...

Philippines. Hot water extract of the dried root is taken orally by pregnant women to minimize the pain of early labor . Rodrigues Islands. Decoction of the rhizome juice, mixed with Citrus aurantifolia, is taken orally for pulmonary disorders. The juice, mixed with lemon juice, honey, and hot water extract of Cymbopogon citratus, is taken orally for colds . 

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