Liver measurement

Balb c mice and Wistar rats were used in the experiments. The administration of single doses of 1, 2 and 2 caused mainly necrotic changes in the liver, measured by GPT and histopathology. The extent of necrosis depended on doses and on time of observation (1-4 days after injections). In shorter time interval (2-4 hrs) 1, 2 and 2 caused depletion of hepatic GSH (even up to 10 % of control). 4 and 5 did not generate necrotic changes. Increased GPT activity was observed after 3 doses of fi. Single doses of 4, 5 and fi mostly increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA-indicator of lipid peroxidation) in the liver. Repeated injections (3-7) of the investigated compounds enhanced the activity of ALA-D or ALA-S in the liver and caused steatosis. 

A. I. Schmid, M. Chmelik, J. Szendroedi, M. Krssak, A. Brehm, E. Moser and M. Roden, Quantitative ATP synthesis in human liver measured by localized spectroscopy using the magnetization transfer experiment. NMR Biomed., 2008, 21,437- 43. 

A. E. El-Dosoky, A. Seifalian, M. Cope, D. Delphy, and B. Davidson, Changes in Tissue Oxygenation of the Porcine Liver Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Liver Transpl. Surg., 5(3), 219-226 (1999). 

Units of activity equal nmoles of substrate metabolized per min per mg of protein. Each value given is the means SE. Number of livers measured is given in parentheses. 

The quantity of adduct in hepatOQd s, as revealed by immunostain-ing, correlated well with the adduct content of the 10,000 x g liver supemate from the same liver, measured by quantitative immunoassay. Further, in dose-response studies, adduct accmnulation in hepato< d s followed depletion of hepatocellular GSH. By one hour after a 400 mg/kg dose, GSH was reduced by >90%, and the adduct was abimdant (7). 

Rio, P. Bazgar, S. Leng, M. Detection of N-hydroxy-2-acetylamino fluorene DNA adducts in rat liver measured by radioimmunoassay. Carcinogenesis (Lond), 3 225-8. 1982. 

Richieri,G.V.,Ogata,R.T.,andKleinfeld,A.M., 1994,Equilibrium constants for the binding of fatty acids with fatty acid-binding proteins from adipocyte, intestine, heart and liver measured with the fluorescent probe ADIFAB, / Biol. Chem. 269 23918-23930. 

Incorporation op P-Orthophosphate into the Acid-Soluble Nucleotides of Mouse Liver Measured at Short Time Intervals after Intravenous Injection ... 

Cholesterol is biosynthesized in the liver trans ported throughout the body to be used in a va riety of ways and returned to the liver where it serves as the biosynthetic precursor to other steroids But cholesterol is a lipid and isn t soluble in water How can it move through the blood if it doesn t dis solve in if The answer is that it doesn t dissolve but IS instead carried through the blood and tissues as part of a lipoprotein (lipid + protein = lipoprotein) The proteins that carry cholesterol from the liver are called low density lipoproteins or LDLs those that return it to the liver are the high-density lipoproteins or HDLs If too much cholesterol is being transported by LDL or too little by HDL the extra cholesterol builds up on the walls of the arteries caus mg atherosclerosis A thorough physical examination nowadays measures not only total cholesterol con centration but also the distribution between LDL and HDL cholesterol An elevated level of LDL cholesterol IS a risk factor for heart disease LDL cholesterol is bad cholesterol HDLs on the other hand remove excess cholesterol and are protective HDL cholesterol IS good cholesterol... 

Measurement of contaminants in fish has concentrated on muscle tissue since the aim has generally been to protect the health of the consumer rather than that of the fish. Endocrine tissue such as the gonads has been much more rarely examined, while data for adrenal, thyroid and pituitary levels are virtually non-existent. More data are available for the liver, as a lipid rich tissue and the major site of xenobiotic catabolism, but the concentrations have rarely been related to its capacity to produce vitellogenin or metabolise endogenous hormones. Tissue concentrations of a wide range of chemicals, are at a level which suggests that, either alone or in combination, they will cause significant endocrine disruption in fish in many polluted habitats. 

The absorption, distribution, and accumulation of lead in the human body may be represented by a three-part model (6). The first part consists of red blood cells, which move the lead to the other two parts, soft tissue and bone. The blood cells and soft tissue, represented by the liver and kidney, constitute the mobile part of the lead body burden, which can fluctuate depending on the length of exposure to the pollutant. Lead accumulation over a long period of time occurs in the bones, which store up to 95% of the total body burden. However, the lead in soft tissue represents a potentially greater toxicological hazard and is the more important component of the lead body burden. Lead measured in the urine has been found to be a good index of the amount of mobile lead in the body. The majority of lead is eliminated from the body in the urine and feces, with smaller amounts removed by sweat, hair, and nails. 

Assay of photoprotein. The activity of the photoprotein was measured in 1ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing 0.6 M NaCl at room temperature. The intensity and total amount of light emitted were recorded. The luminescence intensity is markedly intensified by adding 5 il of catalase solution (crystalline bovine liver catalase 1.5 mg/ml) and 10 pi of 3% H2O2. 

The first step of a chemical study should be the quantitative measurements of coelenterazine, dehydrocoelenterazine, and a coelenter-azine-specific luciferase, in the light organs, liver, digestive tract (with empty stomach), and eggs if available (see Section C5 of Appendix for the method). A clear, unequivocal presence of a coelenterazine luciferase indicates the involvement of a luciferin-luciferase system,... 

The effect of a statin is usually determined by measuring fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins after 4-6 weeks of treatment. Liver enzymes and eventually creatine kinase (in case of myositis liver enzymes are usually also elevated) are measured simultaneously to exclude side effects related to liver and muscles. After the treatment goal has been reached, blood sampling is usually performed 1-2 times a year. 

HBV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are still 350 million chronic carriers of the vims, who are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The success of IFN-a treatment - mainly performed as combined treatment with adenine-arabinoside - has been measured by the normalization of liver enzymes, loss of HBe antigen and of detectable viral DNA in the serum of patients. It has been estimated from several clinical trials that as many as 40% of treated HBV patients would respond to therapy with IFN-a or combined treatment with nucleoside analogues and IFN-a. 

Watmough, N.J.. Turnbull, D.M., Sherratt. H.S.A. Bartlett. K. (1989). Measurement of the acyl-CoA intermediates of p-oxidation by hplc with on-line radiochemical and photodiode-array detection. Application to the study of [U- C]hexadecanoate by intact rat liver mitochondria. Biochem. J. 262,261-269. 

Sections and all measurements after a single dose were carried out after 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours following injection of the compounds. In the case of 3-7 fold administration, the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose. Rats were sacrificed under ether narcosis, mice - by dislocation of the spinal cord. Then livers and blood from heart were collected. 

Following single dermal applications of 10 mg/kg of radiolabeled methyl parathion to pregnant rats, methyl parathion was found to be widely distributed to all major tissues and organs. Concentrations were highest in plasma and kidney, maximum levels measured 2 hours postapplication. Peak levels in liver, brain, fetus, and placenta, were measured 2 to 10 hours later, at which times the highest concentration of methyl parathion was in the fetus (Abu-Quare et al. 2000). 

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