Liver intestines

High concentrations of endosulfan sulfate were found primarily in the liver, intestine, and visceral fat 24 hours after mice were exposed to a single dose of -endosulfan (Deema et al. 1966). Five days following a single oral administration of " C-endosulfan to rats, the diol, sulfate, lactone, and ether metabolites were detected in the feces (Borough et al. 1978). In sheep, endosulfan sulfate was detected in the feces, and endosulfan alcohol and a-hydroxyether were detected in the urine (Gorbach et al. 1968). 

Alkaline phosphatase assays based on 3-glycerophosphate now appears to be obsolete, and methods buffered by either glycine or barbital are also obsolete as these buffers inhibit ALP or are poor buffers. Serum alkaline phosphatase is known to be composed of several isoenzymes which presumably arise from bone, liver, intestine, and placenta. The placental alkaline phosphatase is known to be much more resistant to heat denaturation than the other isoenzymes, and this resistance provides a simple test for it (5). The other enzymes can be separated through the differential inhibition by phenylalanine, by electrophoresis and by specific antibodies. However, the clinical usefulness of the results obtained is in doubt (23). 

Moderate but prolonged exposure of rats to TBT and TPhT acetate at subchronic levels (< 20 mg/kg OTC) brought about histopathologic lesions in lungs, liver, intestines and kidneys besides reduction in lymphocyte count at higher concentrations37. 

All dead at 16,000 mg/kg diet. The 8000 mg/kg group had 80% mortality survivors had significantly reduced growth and feed conversion. At 4000 mg/kg, no significant effect on growth or survival zinc concentrations elevated in kidney, liver, intestinal mucosa, and pancreas— but values normal after 10 days on basal diet (Oh et al. 1979). 

The relative tissue distribution in mice 15 minutes after i.v.-administered 14C-ephedrine was kidney > lung, adrenal, spleen, liver > intestines, stomach > brain, heart > plasma.17... 

Despite the obvious expression of GABAb receptors in many peripheral organs, such as heart, spleen, lung, liver, intestine, stomach, and urinary bladder, no overt peripheral phenotype has been described for GABAB(1)-deficient mice. However, as in the central nervous system (CNS), knockout studies demonstrate that the GABAB(i) subunit is an essential requirement for GABAb receptor function in the enteric and peripheral nervous system (PNS) (66). 

In addition to phase I and phase II enzymes, equally important is a group of transporter proteins expressed in various tissues, such as the liver, intestine, brain and kidney, which modulate the absorption, distribution and excretion of many drugs. 

Amino acid metabolism is important in all tissues/organs but especially so in the liver, intestine, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, kidney, lung, brain, cells in the bone marrow and cells of the immune system. 

Much of the data related to the mechanism of hexachlorobutadiene toxicity indicate that the intermediates produced by modification of the S-1,1,2,3,4-pentachlorodienyl cysteine derivative are responsible for the observed effects on the proximal tubules of the nephrons. The cysteine derivative is formed from the hexachlorobutadiene conjugate in the liver, intestines, and/or kidney through the action of yglutamyl transferase which removes the glutamate from the glutathione tripeptide followed by the action of a peptidase that removes the glycine from the carboxy terminus. 

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion. Data are available on the pharmacokinetics of hexachlorobutadiene in animals by the oral route, but not in humans. There are no data in humans or animals on exposures to hexachlorobutadiene by the inhalation or dermal routes. Because of the key role of the liver in producing the metabolites which are responsible for the nephrotoxicity of this compound, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of inhalation and dermal exposures would be valuable. Oral studies reported the presence of the enzymes responsible for the glutathione conjugation reaction and the subsequent formation of derivatives in the liver, intestines, and kidney. 

When cleaning the fish, always wear good rubber gloves. Cut off the head and carefully peel back the skin, like a glove, from neck to tail. The internal organs will drop out. Pick out the liver intestines and gonads (see illustration) and discard the rest of the fish. 

A. Synthesis of cholesterol occurs in the cytoplasm of most tissues, but the liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and steroidogenic reproductive tissues are the most active. 

CN109 Jackson, B., A. N. Gee, M. Martinez-Cayuela, and K. E. Suckling. TTie effects of feeding a saturated fat-rich diet on enzymes of cholesterol metabolism CN120 in the liver, intestine and aorta of the hamster. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990 ... 

Gonthier, M.P., Verny, M.A., Besson, C., Remesy, C., and Scalbert, A., Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats, J. Nutr., 133, 1853,2003. Plumb, G.W., Garcia-Conesa, M.T., Kroon, P.A., and Williamson, G., Metabolism of chlorogenic acid by human plasma, liver, intestine and gut microflora, J. Set Food Agric., 79, 390, 1999. 

This reaction is catalyzed by enzymes N-acetyltransferases that utilize acetyl-Co A as a cofactor, and are present in the cell cytoplasm of the liver, intestine, kidney and lung. 

After administration it is rapidly absorbed and distributed in tissue e.g. liver, intestine and kidneys. It is metabolised in liver and converted to active metabolite dihydroartemisinin. 

Conjuntiva Blood Liver Intestine Urinary bladder Testis... 

Tissues synthesizing most of the body s cholesterol Cholesterol is synthesized by virtually all tissues in humans, although liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues make the largest contribution to the body s cholesterol pool. 

Beckman et al. (28) have studied the electrophoretic separation of the acid phosphatase activity in tissue extracts on starch gel at pH 8. They described four electrophoretic bands A, B, C, and D. Table IV (28) shows the distribution of activity in different organ extracts. The ABD pattern predominated in kidney BD in liver, intestine, heart, and skeletal muscle B in skin and D in pancreas. The C component was present in a large number of placentae but not in other adult organs. All four electrophoretic components were inhibited by d-(- -)-tartrate A contained sialic acid, D had a lower pH optimum and was more heat resistant than A, B, and C. Components C and D showed parallel electrophoretic behavior. In human skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture, the acid phosphatase was generally high and the most common pattern was BD. Almost every culture showed some activity. The BD... 

Plumb GW, Garcia-Conesa MT, Kroon PA, Rhodes M, Ridley S, Williamson G. 1999. Metabolism of chlorogenic acid by human plasma, liver, intestine and gut microflora. 

Following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, levodopa is rapidly converted to dopamine by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. This enzyme is distributed extensively throughout the body and can be found in locations such as the liver, intestinal mucosa, kidneys, and skeletal muscle. Conversion of levodopa... 

Many fish species, over 700 species worldwide, are either directly toxic or upon ingestion are poisonous to humans. A classic example is the toxin produced by the puffer fishes (Sphaeroides spp.) called tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is concentrated in the gonads, liver, intestine, and skin, and poisonings occurs most frequently in Japan and other Asian countries where the flesh, considered a delicacy, is eaten as fugu. Death occurs within 5 to 30 minutes and the fatality rate is about 60%. TTX is an inhibitor of the voltage-sensitive Na channel (like saxitoxin) it may also be found in some salamanders and may be bacterial in origin. 

Diamine Oxidases. Diamine oxidases are enzymes that also oxidize amines to aldehydes. The preferred substates are aliphatic diamines in which the chain length is four (putrescine) or five (cadaverine) carbon atoms. Diamines with carbon chains longer than nine will not serve as substrates but can be oxidized by monoamine oxidases. Secondary and tertiary amines are not metabolized. Diamine oxidases are typically soluble pyridoxal phosphate-containing proteins that also contain copper. They have been found in a number of tissues, including liver, intestine, kidney, and placenta. 

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