Oxidations also aminations

NO formation occurs by a complex reaction network of over 100 free-radical reactions, and is highly dependent on the form of nitrogen in the waste. Nitro-compounds form NO2 first, and then NO, approaching equiHbrium from the oxidized side. Amines form cyano intermediates on their way to NO, approaching equiHbrium from the reduced side. Using air as the oxidant, NO also forms from N2 and O2. This last is known as thermal NO. ... 

Primary and secondary amines, double bonds, aldehydes, sulfides and certain aromatic and dihydroaroraatic systems are also oxidized by chromium VI reagents under standard hydroxyl oxidizing conditions. Amines are commonly protected by salt formation or by conversion to amides. Aldehydes and... 

Also in the case of a polymer therefore, provided the acyl peroxy radicals are formed by ketone photolysis in the presence of oxygen, the oxidation of amines by these radicals would make a significantly greater contribution to stabilization than the nit-roxide. The latter is in any case present in only very small amount as secondary producti - -. 

See other high-nitrogen compounds, See also amine oxides... 

See other HIGH-NITROGEN compounds, See also AMINE OXIDES... 

Oxidation of amines to imines.1 This Swern reagent effects oxidation of ben-zylamines to the corresponding Schiff bases in 40-60% yield. It also oxidizes in-doline to indole in 88% yield. 

Nitroso compounds are formed during the addition of nitrous oxide," " dinitrogen trioxide, and nitrosyl halides to alkenes, and in some cases, from incomplete oxidation of amines with peroxyacids like peroxyacetic acid. Quenching of carbanions with nitrosyl halides is also a route to nitroso compounds. A full discussion on this subject is beyond the scope of this work and so the readers are directed to the work of Boyer. ... 

This group of enzymes catalyzes the oxidation of amines. Amine oxidase [EC 1.4.3.4], a flavin-containing enzyme (also known as monoamine oxidase, tyramine oxidase, tyraminase, or adrenalin oxidase) catalyzes the reaction of an organic amine R—CH2—NH2) with dioxygen... 

Various oxidations of amines can also generate acyliminium ions. The methods most used in synthetic procedures involve electrochemical oxidation to form z-alkoxy amides and lactams, which then generate acyliminium ions.108 Acyliminium ions are sufficiently electrophilic to react with enolate equivalents such as silyl enol ethers109 and enol esters.110... 

Heterocyclic Chemistry (CHEC-I). Reactivity of 1,3,2-dithiazole-5-ones, -thiones, -imines, and 1,3,2-oxathiazole-5-ones is also much more widely covered than in CHEC-I, their thermolysis, photolysis, oxidation, methylation, amination, hydrolysis, 1,3-cycloaddition, etc. are discussed. 

Other simple aliphatic amine oxides can be used as the oxidant in this reaction, but N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (1) is preferred because it generally gives a faster reaction rate and is easily prepared. The reaction can also be used to convert aliphatic amine oxides into amines... 

Murray Singh Synth. Commun. 1989, 19. 3509. This reagent also oxidizes primary amines to hydroxylamines Wittman Halcomb Danishefsky/. Org. Chem. 1990,55, 1981. 

Amine oxidation. As well as the microsomal enzymes involved in the oxidation of amines, there are a number of other amine oxidase enzymes, which have a different subcellular distribution. The most important are the monoamine oxidases and the diamine oxidases. The monoamine oxidases are located in the mitochondria within the cell and are found in the liver and also other organs such as the heart and central nervous system and in vascular tissue. They are a group of flavoprotein enzymes with overlapping substrate specificities. Although primarily of importance in the metabolism of endogenous compounds such as 5-hydroxy try pt-amine, they may be involved in the metabolism of foreign compounds. 

Mammals have several classes of hormones, distinguishable by their chemical structures and their modes of action (Table 23-1). Peptide, amine, and eicosanoid hormones act from outside the target cell via surface receptors. Steroid, vitamin D, retinoid, and thyroid hormones enter the cell and act through nuclear receptors. Nitric oxide also enters the cell, but activates a cytosolic enzyme, guanylyl cyclase (see Fig. 12-10). 

Alkenes bound to cross-linked polystyrene can be epoxidized under conditions similar to those used in solution. The most commonly used reagent is m-chloroperbenzoic acid in DCM, but other reagents have also been used (Table 15.1). Because excess oxidant is usually required to furnish clean products, care must be taken with linkers or other functional groups prone to oxidation (ketones, amines, benzyl ethers, etc.). 

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) serves as a marker enzyme for outer membrane. There is some MAO activity in the inner membrane and therefore also in SMPs however, a high level of monoamine oxidase in the SMP preparation indicates a large contamination by outer membrane. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase is an FAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of amines to aldehydes (Equation E10.2). A convenient assay for this enzyme uses benzylamine as substrate and monitors the rate of ben-zaldehyde production at 250 nm. 

RuHAP [13] and Ru/A1203 [14] catalysts were also able to oxidize primary amines to nitriles in high yield using 02 as an oxidant (Scheme 5.3). 

Aryl-A3-iodane oxidation of amines to imines also involves a combination of ligand exchange and successive reductive -elimination. Oxidation of pyrrolidine with iodosylbenzene 18 affords quantitatively an equilibrium mixture of 1-pyrroline and its trimer [72]. When oxidation of piperidine with 18 (2 equiv) was carried out in water, 2-piperidone was produced [73]. In the latter reaction, a sequence of ligand exchange and reductive -elimination was repeated two times [Eq. (38)]. 

---