Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract

Bahrani et al. have detected NO in the intestines and blood of rats subjected to intestinal IR.371 Other workers have used spin trapping to detect radical 

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Silver EH, Szabo S. 1982. Possible role of lipid peroxidation in the actions of acrylonitrile on the adrenals, liver and gastrointestinal tract. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 36 33-43. 

The physiological changes and other aspects in the elderly makes this even more complicated. Example of this is decreased stomach acidity decreased motility decreased blood-flow to liver and gastrointestinal tract changed pharmacokinetics and -dynamics polypharmacy swallowing problems bad nutritional status and lack of documentation. 

The direct transport of absorbed drugs into systemic circulation, effectively by-passing the first-pass effect of the liver and gastrointestinal tract Lower enzymatic activity compared to the gastrointestinal tract or liver Amenability to self-medication, which increases patient compliance Possibility of pulsatile delivery of some drugs to simulate the biorhythmic release of these drugs Lower risk of overdosage Achievement of controlled release... 

The grading of acute GvHD was performed acc. to standard criteria. The grades were assigned on the severity of acute GvHD of skin, liver and gastrointestinal tract [13]. 

It should be noted that the genetic information for the P450 enzymes is present throughout in all tissues, but knowledge of the role of the enzymes in tissues other than the liver and gastrointestinal tract is unclear. For example, cytochrome P450 2D6 is found in the brain where it is linked to the dopamine transporter. Whether a deficit in the activity of this enzyme is responsible for predisposing some individuals to Parkinson s disease is a matter of conjecture. 

This condition commonly shows a low cardiac output and organ congestion - of the lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract in particular. Reduced perfusion of gut, liver and kidney can alter drug handling in heart failure but unfortunately there is no simple rule that fits all drugs. 

Colchicine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and tends to concentrate in the spleen, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Leukocytes also avidly accumulate and store colchicine even after a single intravenous injection. Since colchicine can accumulate in cells against a concentration gradient, it is postulated that an active transport process may be involved in its cellular uptake. The drug is metabolized, primarily in the liver, by deacetylation. Fecal excretion plays a major role in colchicine elimination, since it and its metabolites are readily secreted into the bile. Only about 15 to 30% of the drug is eliminated in the urine except in patients with liver disease urinary excretion is more important in these individuals. 

Since hepatobiliary and intestinal dysfunctions are marked by variation in the concentration and relative proportions of major BAs and by increased levels of their minor forms, individual identification and accurate quantification of these compounds in biological samples are very important prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic monitoring indicators of liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases in humans. 

There are two types of MAO MAO-A, found mainly in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and MAO-B, found mainly in the brain and platelets. MAO-A in the liver is involved in the elimination of ingested monoamines (e.g. tyramine) and inactivates circulating monoamines (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) when they pass through the liver. Co-ingestion of these monoamines with MAO inhibitors leads to their unopposed action, which causes severe hypertension, so the former should be avoided. 

Kidney, Liver, and Gastrointestinal Tract Nitrous oxide is neither nephrotoxic nor hepatotoxic. 

Bis(4-chlorobutyl) ether [4,4 -dichlorodibutyl ether 1,1 -oxy di-4-chlorobutane oxybis(4-chlorobutane)] [6334-96-9] C8H16CI2O 199.14 CI-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2- O-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CI Low oral toxicity in mice target organs — central nervous system, liver, and gastrointestinal tract caused muscle contraction and ulceration LD50 oral (mice) 1250 mg/kg Noncombustible liquid... 

Mutagenic tests were positive, while the histidine reversion-Ames test gave inconclusive results (NIOSH 1986). 1,2-Dibromo-ethane is carcinogenic to animals and is suspected to cause cancer in hnmans. Inhalation of this componnd prodnced tnmors in the lungs and nose in mice and rats. Oral administration cansed cancers in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. 

Kraft, K., Artichoke leaf extract recent findings reflecting effects on hpid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine (1997) 4(4), 369-378. 

Sorbitol increased vitamin Bj2 in the tissues of both virgin and pregnant rats (Rice et al., 1958). Again using radioactive vitamin By, these authors found an increase in the radioactivity of the blood, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract and also in the uterus of virgin rats and in the fetuses of rats after 7 and 14 days of pregnancy. 

Traditional use A decoction of the petals, leaves, branches and roots is used to treat rheumatism, radiculitis, and stomach and heart ailments (Poludenny and Zhuravlev 2000). Decoction or tea of the fruits is used to treat scurvy, common colds, and as a diuretic. A decoction of the roots is used to treat liver and gastrointestinal tract diseases (Khalmatov et al. 1984 Khodzhimatov 1989). A decoction and infusion of the fruits is taken as an astringent (particularly for regular and bloody diarrhea), to treat fevers, intestinal infections, as a hemostatic for uterine bleeding, to improve the metabolism, and as a mouth wash for gum disease. The seeds are used as a diuretic and to treat kidney diseases. The powdered leaves are used to treat wounds and skin ulcers (Khalmatov et al. 1984). 

Lymph, a clear, transparent, watery substance is produced primarily by the liver and gastrointestinal tract and contains fat, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, glucose, and other substances. These substances may give the lymph a more milk-like appearance. When produced by other regions, it is a filtrate of excess fluid drained away from the arterial ends of capillaries by lymph vessels. Normal lymphatic flow is approximately 2 liters per day for the entire body. 

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