Lithography nanolithography

Dip-pen nanolithography (Jiang and Stupp 2005) and soft lithography (Hung and Stupp 2007) have been used to control the placement and orientation of PA nanofibers on two-dimensional substrates. The soft lithographic technique is the more... 

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a variety of scanning probe lithography (direct-write) developed by Mirkin and coworkers, where components of interest are transferred from an AFM tip to a substrate.201 DPN has been used to pattern a wide variety of materials on surfaces, including small organic molecules (most commonly n-alkanethiols), DNA, nanoparticles, proteins, viruses, and precursors for inorganic thin films. 

Particularly in 2D systems, control over the self-assembly of colloidal templates has offered a versatile way to produce patterned surfaces or arrays with a precision of few nanometres. Diblock copolymer micellar nanolithography (dBCML) is a versatile method that uses homopolymers or block copolymers for the production of complex surface structures with nanosized features [69], In contrast to other approaches like electron-beam lithography (EBL) and photolithography, dBCML does not require extensive equipment. In fact, it is commonly used in the fabrication of data storage devices and photonic crystals, in catalyses [70], and for the design of mesoporous films and nanoparticle arrays [71]. 

The application of scanning probe lithography (SPL) has been widespread owing to its ability to modify substrates with very high resolution and ultimate pattern flexibility.96 Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN),97 high contact force AFM,98 and constructive nanolithography99 are some of the most commonly employed techniques, all of which aim to control the position and directed assembly of molecules and nanoparticles. 

Soft Lithography Lithography is essentially a process for printing features on a planar surface. Nanolithography tools, commonly referred to as soft lithography, allow precisely defined nanoscale features to be produced on a substrate, which can be removed from the substrate as free-standing 3D nano-objects. A number of techniques fall within the field of soft lithography, primarily for construction of micrometer-sized objects ... 

In this chapter we provide a brief review of different nanolithography and nanomanipulation techniques. We discuss mainly such techniques as templated growth, dip pen lithography, anodic oxidation and scanning probe microscope based nanomanipulation. The chapter contains an introduction to the basic techniques followed by examples of such nanostructure growth. 

Pattern fabrication is an important issue in many fields ranging from microelectronics to biological microarray production and nanotechnology.64 Soft and probe lithography techniques such as microcontact printing (pCP) and dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) are frequently used to pattern surfaces.65 Conventional pCP is an efficient and... 

Fig. 2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) friction images and schematic illustrations of the patterning processes of a microcontact printed SAMs (mercaptoethanol dots in oc-tadecanethiol matrix, scale bar 10 xm) b patterned molecular printboards fabricated by supramolecular dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) (reprinted with permission from [92] Copyright 2004. WUey VCH) e locally hydrolyzed tert-butyl acrylate-terminated polymer film on oxidized silicon (soft lithography scale bar 3 xm) (Feng CL, Vancso GJ, SchOn-herr H, manuscript submitted to Langmuir) d photopatterned bilayer of diacetylene lipid (scale bar 10 xm). Reprinted in part with permission from [93], copyright (1999), American Chemical Society...

Recently, reactive platforms based on well-defined macromolecules, such as dendrimers [75,150], have been introduced as reactive layers that expose chemically accessible functional groups in high densities. These approaches can be extended to micro- and nanoscale patterns by means of microcontact printing (ftCP) [86-89] and scanning probe lithography (AFM tip-assisted deposition, also called dip-pen nanolithography , DPN) [90], as reviewed below (Fig. 13). 

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