Lithium overall battery reaction

Lithium manganese oxide (Li-Mn02) battery is the most common consumer grade battery that covers about 80 % of the lithium battery market. This system includes heat-treated Mn02 as cathode, lithium metal as anode and LiC104 in propylene carbonate/dimethoxyethane as aprotic electrolyte. The overall battery reaction is ... 

The chemistry of lithium-ion batteries is based on the lithium-ion shuttling between the graphite negative electrode and the transition metal(s) oxide positive electrode. The overall reaction can be schematized as ... 

A schematic charge-discharge processes and the overall reaction of a lithium-ion battery using carbon (neg-... 

The lithium-iodine solid-state battery is used exclusively for heart pacemaker. The electrode reactions in this case are very simple, leading to the overall cell reaction ... 

The overall reaction OAR becomes highly reversible, and is suitable for the reversible Li" storage of electric energy ( lithium ion batteries ). Accordingly, acceptor-electrodes ( p-type ) are initially oxidized, and the charge is compensated by the insertion of anions. The overall reaction is written as ... 

This type of Li battery has already widely diffused in the electronic consumer market, however for automotive applications the presence of a liquid electrolyte is not considered the best solution in terms of safety, then for this type of utilization the so-called lithium polymer batteries appear more convenient. They are based on a polymeric electrolyte which permits the transfer of lithium ions between the electrodes [21]. The anode can be composed either of a lithium metal foil (in this case the device is known as lithium metal polymer battery) or of lithium supported on carbon (lithium ion polymer battery), while the cathode is constituted by an oxide of lithium and other metals, of the same type used in lithium-ion batteries, in which the lithium reversible intercalation can occur. For lithium metal polymer batteries the overall cycling process involves the lithium stripping-deposition at the anode, and the deintercalation-intercalation at the anode, according to the following electrochemical reaction, written for a Mn-based cathode ... 

Heart pacemakers are often powered by lithium-silver chromate button batteries. The overall cell reaction is... 

Because of its relevance to batteries, the mechanism of lithium insertion into anatase Ti02 has been extensively studied. The electrochemical insertion/extraction of Li is believed to be driven by the accumulation of electrons in Ti02 electrodes in contact with Li -containing electrolytes, and the overall cell reaction can be written as... 

Sometimes called the battery of the future, lithium-ion batteries have several advantages over other battery types. The overall reaction that takes place in the lithium-ion battery is... 

The overall discharge reaction mechanism for various lithium primary batteries is shown in Table 14.4, which also lists the theoretical cell voltage. The mechanism for the discharge of the lithium anode is the oxidation of lithium to form lithium ions (Li ) with the release of... 

The active materials of the nickel-iron battery are metallic iron for the negative electrode, nickel oxide for the positive, and a potassium hydroxide solution with lithium hydroxide for the electrolyte. The nickel-iron battery is unique in many respects. The overall electrode reactions result in the transfer of oxygen from one electrode to the other. The exact details of the reaction can be very complex and include many species of transitory existence.The electrolyte apparently plays no part in the overall reaction, as noted in the following reactions ... 

The overall electrochemical reaction has a thermodynamic potential of 2.21 V and a theoretical specific energy of 8530 Wh/kg based on lithium, which is the only reactant that has to be supplied with the battery. Dissolved oxygen is not necessary to depolarize the cathode as lithium possesses a high enough voltage to reduce water to hydrogen. 

Similar designs have been used in lithium chloride batteries, which operate at a temperature of 650°C. The cell has the form Li (liq.)/LiCl (liq.yClj (g), carbon.The two electrodes, the liquid lithium anode and the porous carbon anode in which the chlorine gas is fed imder pressure, are separated by a molten lithimn chloride electrolyte. The overall cell reaction is... 

These materials are known as insertion or intercalation hosts. The overall electrochemical process of a lithium battery is illustrated schematically in Fig. 7.2. During discharge it involves the dissolution of lithium ions at the anode, their migration across the electrolyte and their insertion within the crystal structure of the host compound, while the compensating electrons travel in the external circuit to be injected into the electronic band structure of the same host. The charging process is the reverse and the cell reaction may be written as ... 

The uniqueness and versatility of carbonaceous porous materials is demonstrated by Mukai et al. (2004) in their attempt to reduce the phenomenon of irreversibility of the LIB. As indicated above, irreversibility is associated with the formation of solid electrolyte films on surfaces of carbons by an irreversible reaction of lithium ions with the electrolytes. For the isotropic porous carbons (not amorphous carbons as quoted by Mukai et al., 2004), the electrolyte film is formed preferentially in the entrances to the porosity (mainly microporosity). Should it be possible to prevent this deposition, then the irreversible component of battery performance could be reduced. It is established that increasing the heat treatment of carbons (normally beyond about 800 °C) decreases the pore dimensions, but at the same time there is reduction in volume of porosity which is available for lithium entry. Quite separately, Suzuki et al. (2003) report on the impossibility of bringing about a meaningful reduction in the irreversible component, maintaining the reversible component, by changing the porosity of the material. That is, an improvement automatically creates a deterioration. The use of an approach of carbon vapor deposition (as for pyrolytic carbons) has been tried whereby carbon is deposited in the entrances to the microporosity. There is no overall change to carbon structure. This method was successful but applications on an industrial scale are expensive. 

The lithium thionyl-chloride battery uses liquid thionyl chloride (SOCI2) as its positive active material, and lithium metal as its negative active material [56]. The overall reaction of the battery is expressed as ... 

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