Lithium iron disulfide battery

E—Lithium Lithium anode Iodine, sulfur dioxide, thionyl chloride, and iron disulfide Secondary Lithium-iron disulfide batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lithium polymer batteries... 

With thermal batteries such electrolytes are used combined with a tailor-made rapidly acting pyrotechnic heating device. Typical temperatures of operation lie between 200 and 500 °C, depending on the system. A molten salt electrolyte is used, for example, in the lithium iron disulfide battery which is described below. 

Lithium/iron disulfide batteries were also made as active primary systems for normal operating temperatures with a metallic lithium anode and one of the well known conducting salt solvent mixtures as their electrolyte. The product, as button or cylindrical cell, with its CCV of about 1.5 V was thought to become a cheaper competitor to the AgO Zn cell. But they were not successful in the market. 

Marple JW, Feddiix FH (2008) Energizer s lithium iron disulfide commercial batteries continuous service improvement enabled by a dedicated focus on safety and reliability. In Proceedings 43rd Power Sources Conferaiee, Philadelphia, 7—10 July, pp 557-560... 

At least temporarily a lithium/aluminum/iron disulfide battery was also under development as a rechargeable high temperature system for use in electric submarine vehicles. ... 

J. D. Briscoe et al., Rechargeable Pulse Power Lithium-Alloy/Iron Disulfide Batteries, Proc. IEEE 35th Int. Power Sources Symp., Cherry HUl, N.J., June 22-25, 1992, p. 294. 

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a battery system also known as an electrochemical transducer where the anode, also known as electron state 1, may be comprised of lithium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, lead, or hydrogen, and the cathode, or electron state 11, depending on the composition of the anode, may be lead dioxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, iron disulfide, oxygen, silver oxide, or iodine.

The lithium has also to be stabilized for the operation of the Li(Al)/iron disulfide thermal battery at over 300 °C. Otherwise because of its low melting point of only 180 °C, the lithium would vigorously react already during the short pyrotechnic heat up period. 

Lithium batteries use nonaqueous solvents for the electrolyte because of the reactivity of lithium in aqueous solutions. Organic solvents such as acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, and dimethoxyethane and inorganic solvents such as thionyl chloride are typically employed. A compatible solute is added to provide the necessary electrolyte conductivity. (Solid-state and molten-salt electrolytes are also used in some other primary and reserve lithium cells see Chaps. 15, 20, and 21.) Many different materials were considered for the active cathode material sulfur dioxide, manganese dioxide, iron disulfide, and carbon monofluoride are now in common use. The term lithium battery, therefore, applies to many different types of chemistries, each using lithium as the anode but differing in cathode material, electrolyte, and chemistry as well as in design and other physical and mechanical features. 

The Li/FeS2 battery uses lithium for the anode, iron disulfide for the cathode, and lithium iodide in an organic solvent blend as the electrolyte. The cell reactions are... 

Within the past five years, thermal batteries that can operate at high spin rates (300 rps) have been developed and successfully demonstrated. These batteries have been based on the now standard lithium (alloy)/iron disulfide eouple employed in most thermal batteries (see Chap. 21 for a detailed discussion of these chemistries). 

Shduration pulse, fully charged to half-charged, except lithium/iron monosulfide, and lifiiium/iron disulfide, which are 50-S0% charged. The values listed do not reflect the maximum that is achievable if batteries are purposely designed for maximum specific power. 

The lithium/iron sulfide rechargeable battery system is another high-temperature system and must be operated above 400°C so that the salt mixture (LiCl-KCl) used as an electrolyte remains molten (see Chapter 41). The negative electrode is lithium, which is alloyed with aluminum or silicon, and the positive electrode can be either iron monosulfide or iron disulfide. No development is being performed on these technologies at this time because room temperature battery systems are showing comparable performance. 

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