Lithium comparative studies

In conclusion, many authors believed that VC was a rather effective additive for chemical modification of the anode SEE It not only reduced the irreversible capacity during the initial charging process of lithium ion cells, but it also improved the stability of the SEI at elevated temperatures. Because of VC participation, the new SEI chemistry contained polymeric species that stemmed from the reductive polymerization of VC, which was characterized by a high content of alkyl carbonate functionalities. Comparative studies of this additive in commercial lithium ion cells proved that VC presence improved cycle life performance. 

In the last case the authors concluded that the hypercalcemia was due to long-term lithium treatment and cited studies showing that hyperparathyroidism occurs in 5—40% of patients taking long-term lithium, compared with a population frequency of less than 4%. The patient s chief complaint included nausea when he was exposed to food and water, and he therefore refused food and water for 2-3 days before admission. He also had acute renal insufficiency, which was thought to be due to... 

More recently, Stip et al. (2000) summarized the literature on lithium-induced memory problems Several studies have shown cognitive impairment in short-term memory, long-term memory and psychomotor speed in bipolar patients taking lithium. Their study aimed at testing the effect of lithium in normal subjects in a double-blind, 3-week study. They found that lithium-treated volunteers had long-term memory deficits on recalling words compared to the placebo group. 

Vinyl isoxazolidine 84 was prepared by intramolecular 5-exo Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution of hydroxylamine 83. A comparative study on the Pd-based catalytic system proved that Pd(II) in the presence of lithium halides was the most selective catalyst giving the trans isoxazolidine 84 from syn-83 and the czs-84 from the isomeric anti-83 <07SL944>. 

The availability of anticonvulsant mood stabilizers has led to comparative studies with lithium. A review of the comparative efficacy and tolerability of drug treatments for bipolar disorder included tolerability... 

The observation that rapid or abrupt lithium withdrawal might be associated with a more immediate or higher likelihood of recurrence has gathered further support from a reanalysis of data from a double-blind lithium maintenance study, in which the benefits of low serum concentrations (0.4-0.6 mmol/1) and standard serum concentrations (0.8-1.0 mmol/1) were compared (458). Recurrence rates were greater only in those whose concentrations were abruptly reduced from standard to low at the start of the study. The authors suggested that rapid dosage reduction, rather than a low maintenance concentration itself, accounted for their initial conclusion that standard concentrations were more effective than low concentrations. 

Perez Romera E, Munoz E, Mohamed F, Dominguez S, Scardapane L, Villegas O, Garcia Aseff S, Guzman JA. Lithium effect on testicular tissue and spermatozoa of viscacha (Lagostomus maximum maximus). A comparative study with rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000 14(2) 81-3. 

Beutler JJ, Boer WH, Koomans HA, Dorhout Mees EJ. Comparative study of the effects of furosemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide on the lithium clearance and diluting segment reabsorption in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992 260(2) 768-72. 

From comparative studies, it appears that a number of G=C double bonds are tolerated only when Raney Ni has been deactivated.It has been claimed" that desulfurization of thiophenes could lead to acceptable yields of unsaturated products, but this result seems to be due to steric hindrance in the unsaturation formed. Curiously it has been found that Raney Ni desulfurization of unsaturated lithium thio-lates resulting from Li-EtNH2 desulfurization (vide infra) takes place easily, while direct reduction of the starting heterocycles is unsatisfactory (Scheme 1). ... 

Ohzuku, T., Ueda, A., Nagayama, N., Iwakoshi, Y., and Komori, H., Comparative study of LiCoOj, LiNii/jCoi/jOj and LiNiOj for 4 volt secondary lithium cells, Electrochim. Acta, 38, 1159, 1993. 

Two additional hydrofluoric acid methods have been reported (1,2), and are similar to that described above. The method of Hughes et al. has also been the subject of two comparative studies relevant to the analysis of ceramics (2,31). Techniques that retain silicon have been discussed (1,2) and involve either fusion with lithium metaborate [or sodium carbonate (2)] or high pressure dissolution in a PTFE bomb. An alternative high pressure method, developed by Price and Whiteside (32), was evaluated in the course of this investigation but was found to be unreliable for stained glass of medieval composition in many experiments dissolution was incomplete. Attempts to modify the procedure by varying the prescribed dissolution parameters produced insufficiently consistent results although superior conditions were established (Table I). 

In the early investigations of this reaction it was found that in one comparative study of lithium, sodium and potassium enolates, only the lithium derivatives reacted satisfactorily,3 although sodium enolates have subsequently been used successfully.f f A range of cyanoformates can be employed, but the tert-butyl derivatives have been reported to be too unreactive. However, a satisfactory... 

In theory, diffusion coefficients can be measured for any ion. In practice, however, most studies of ionic diffusion in glasses have been restricted to highly mobile ions which have a convenient radioactive isotope for use in tracer measurements. As a result, a majority of the data for ionic diffusion deals with sodium, with lesser amounts of data for potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Studies of lithium are very limited due to the lack of a radioactive isotope of lithium, while studies of divalent and other, more highly charged, ions are restrieted by the very low mobilities of these ions as compared to those of the monovalent ions. 

A comparative study between the classical molecular orbital method and the more improved method of alternant molecular orbitals performed for lithium, shows that both procedures are in fact equivalent for interatomic distances close to the equilibrium distances in the crystal. Nevertheless, the cohesive energy obtained is equal to zero 1 This result is very depressing. The cohesive energy is in fact less than 1/100 of the total energy. Therefore, it is very difficult to obtain a good value, even using sophisticated methods. 

S. Zugmann, M. Fleischmann, M. AmereUer, R. M. Gschwind, H. D. Wiemhbfer, H. J. Gores, Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 3926-3933. Measurement of transference numbers for lithium ion electrolytes via four different methods, a comparative study. 

X. Sun, H. S. Lee, X. Q. Yang, J. McBreen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999, 146, 3655-3659. Comparative studies of the electrochemictil and thermal stahUity of two types of composite lithium battery electrolytes using boron-based anion receptors. 

Ohzuku T, Ueda A, Nagayama M, Iwakoshi Y, Komori H (1993) Comparative study of LiCo02, LiNii/2Coi/202 and LiNi02 for 4 volt secondary lithium cells. Electrochim Acta 38 1159-1167... 

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