Listeriosis

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

Ingestion ofL. monocytogenes can cause abortion in humans and animals and in the case of listeriosis a prime characteristic is an increase in monocytes. 

Listeriosis may he treated with a combination ofampicillin and gentamicin. 

Problems of recent years involving listeriosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis and Legionnaire s disease have received attention, as have the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rabies, hepatoencephalopathy, leukoen-cephalomalacia, protozoal encephalomyelitis, equine herpes virus 1, verminous men-ingoencephalomyelitis, cranial trauma, botulism, and meningitis. In birds Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, botulism, and listeriosis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Sheep Scrapie, pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, tetanus, listeriosis, tick pyemia, hypocuprosis, rabies, hydatid disease, and various plant poisons. Cattle Malignant catarrhal fever, listeriosis, pseudorabies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, rabies, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, acute lead poisoning, and certain plant poisons. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Anthrax, tetanus, rabies, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral trypanosomiasis, piroplasmosis, theileriosis, listeriosis, parasitism poisoning by strychnine, lead, organophosphates, arsenic, and various plants that affect the central nervous system. 

Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that, when transmitted to humans, causes listeriosis. Listeriosis is characterized by flu-like symptoms, but can cause swelling of the brain and induce abortions. 

Petit, J.C., Resistance to listeriosis in mice that are deficient in the fifth component of complement, Infect. Immun., 27, 61, 1980. 

Endres, R. et al., Listeriosis in p47phox-/- and TRp55-/- mice Protection despite absence of ROI and susceptibility despite presence of RNI, Immunity, 1, 419, 1997. 

The virulence of L. monocytogenes is often under estimated considering the pathogen causes serious illness that frequently results in death (Drevets and Bronze, 2008). Similar to other human pathogens, the virulence of L. monocytogenes that can tolerate environmental stress is lower than those recovered from clinical cases of listeriosis (Chan et al., 2007). 

Swaminathan, B. and Gerner-Smidt, P. (2007). The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect. 9, 1236-1243. 

Serious adverse events occur in up to 6% of patients with anti-TNF therapy. The most important adverse effect of these drugs is infection due to suppression of the ThI inflammatory response. This may lead to serious infections such as bacterial sepsis, tuberculosis, invasive fungal organisms, reactivation of hepatitis B, listeriosis, and other opportunistic infections. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis, with dissemination, has occurred. Before administering anti-TNF therapy, all patients must undergo purified protein derivative (PPD) testing prophylactic therapy for tuberculosis is warranted for patients with positive test results. More common but usually less serious infections include upper respiratory infections (sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia) and cellulitis. The risk of serious infections is increased markedly in patients taking concomitant corticosteroids. 

Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety, Elliot T. Ryser and Elmer H. Marth... 

Fensterle, J., Grade, L., Hess, J. and Kaufmann, S.H. (1999) Effective DNA vaccination against listeriosis by prime/ boost inoculation with the gene gun. J. Immunol., 163, 4510 1518. 

Before administering infliximab, all patients must undergo purified protein derivative (PPD) testing prophylactic therapy for tuberculosis is warranted for patients with positive test results. Other infections include pneumonia, sepsis, pneumocystosis, and listeriosis. 

Finally, infections are a special issue. Although bacterial and viral infections do not appear to be increased over placebo rates, at least at lower doses of TNF blocking agents, infections with intracellular bacteria may be exacerbated. Thus, special attention has to be devoted to possible tuberculosis, listeriosis, or fungal infection before and during... 

Listeria monocytogenes is the cause of listeriosis, which has a fatality rate of up to 30%. The most frequent effects are meningitis and miscarriage or meningitis of the fetus or newborn. Many types of foods have been implicated in listeriosis cases. Often, a prolonged refrigeration period seems to have contributed to outbreaks. 

Margarine has an excellent health record in regard to food-borne disease of microbial origin. An implication in the British press in 1989 that a case of listeriosis... 

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