Liquid scintillation technology

A radioactivity detector is used to measure radioactivity in the HPLC eluent, using a flow cell. The detection principle is based on liquid scintillation technology to detect phosphors caused by radiation, though a solid-state scintillator is often used around the flow cell [17,31]. This detector is very specific and can be extremely sensitive. It is often used for conducting experiments using tritium or C-14 radiolabeled compounds in toxicological, metabolic, or degradation studies. 

A book dealing with instruments that have been developed by a community connected to both science and industry (termed the research-technology community ) has chapters on Fourier-transform spectrometers and liquid scintillation counters.309,310 Precision scientific instruments were produced by specialist manufacturers the growth of the instruments industry in Britain and France between 1870 and 1939 has been the subject of a book.311 Of the analytical instruments developed in the 20th century, the most widely used has been the pH meter, and its invention and marketing by A. O. Beckman has been described.312... 

Measurement of Natural Radiocarbon Concentrations. By the middle of the 1950s, the original solid carbon method of assay of natural radiocarbon concentrations had been completely superseded by the development of either gas or liquid scintillation counting systems. More than 20 years of experimentation and development in the low level counting technology field has turned what was once a black art and analytical tour de... 

The radiation detection systems employed in radioanalytical chemistry laboratories have changed considerably over the past sixty years, with significant improvement realized since the early 1980s. Advancements in the areas of material science, electronics, and computer technology have contributed to the development of more sensitive, reliable, and user-friendly laboratory instruments. The four primary radiation measurement systems considered to be necessary for the modern radionuclide measurement laboratory are gas-flow proportional counters, liquid scintillation (LS) counters. Si alpha-particle spectrometer systems, and Ge gamma-ray spectrometer systems. These four systems are the tools used to identify and measure most forms of nuclear radiation. 

The proceedings, consisting of 14 sections, include 76 of the 77 invited and contributed papers presented at the conference.lt is published in two volumes with the first volume containing 37 papers and the second volume, the remainder. Volume I contains mainly papers dealing with the physical aspects of liquid scintillation science and technology, and Volume II with sample preparation and applications. Unfortunately, space limitations preclude the inclusion of discussions that occurred after each presentation. 

In the infancy of the LSC technology the final sample volume exceeded 40 ml. The volume of the vial has since subsequently been standardized to 20 ml for over two decades. Most of the instruments are also built accordingly to measure and collect the counts of the sample in such vials, and until recent the volumes of the liquid scintillator have been usually between 8 and 10 ml. Ever increasing number of LSC samples has been raising the annual costs and physical volume of the scintillators and vials. Since the research funds at the same time have become in short supply, the economical factors had to be taken into account. The first cost reduction by search for inexpensive scintillators generated a wide variety of cocktails and many research groups have created their own. Another cost reduction in the LSC was the introduction of the plastic vial in 1963. 

Wigfield, D.C. (1975). In "Liquid Scintillation - Science and Technology", p.295. Academic Press, New York. 

Horrocks, D. (1975). Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes 26, 243. Horrocks, D. (1976a). Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes 27, 369. Horrocks, D. (1976b). In "Liquid Scintillation, Science and Technology" (A. Noujaim, C. Ediss and L. Weibe eds.), pll7. Academic Press Inc., New York. 

We suggest that over the next decade the majority of new analytical methods introduced into clinical and biomedical laboratories will involve chemical technology that does not involve liquid scintillation counting. The cost of equipment (Table V), especially of mass spectrometers may be a limiting factor for a while. 

An Appraisal of Liquid Scintillation Science and Technology, 1964-1979 P. E. STANLEY... 

The recently introduced counting systems based on liquid scintillation deserve special mention because they have solved the problem of the radioassay of soft /9-emitters of biological importance ( H, C) This technological advance... 

Nassar, A. E., Martine, M., Parmentier, Y., and Lee, D. Y. (2003). Comparison between liquid chromatography-accurate radioisotope counting and microplate scintillation counter technologies in drug metabolism studies. Drug Metab. Rev. 35(Suppl. 2) 79. 

Products/technologies Porvair sells the Microlute Solid Phase Extraction in a Microplate system that provides 96 solid phase extractions in one compact unit (using any brand of sorbent). It can be automated using most standard liquid handling and robotic systems. Porvair s 384-well plate is compatible with most automated liquid handling instruments, readers for EIA, fluorescence, luminescence, and scintillation assays as well as robotic-handling devices. 

SPA technology requires only pipetting steps and there is no need to use scintillation cocktails or to perform a separation, and thus it is ideally suited for automation by robotic liquid handling systems. However, as a consequence of the nonseparation SPA method and due to the screening of colored synthetic or natural compounds, it is essential that the detection instrument accurately assesses the level of color quenching and corrects the observed count rate (cpm) to the true activity (dpm) [49]. 

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