Liquid Natural Gases LNGs

Liquid natural gases, LNG, which contain nitrogen, methane, ethane, and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and higher hydrocarbons. 

Biofuels can be used as an alternative fuel for transport, as can other alternatives such as liquid natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied... 

The resolutions have introduced an incentive system for new investments destined to the development of the network and of the liquid natural gas (LNG) terminals. At the end of the first period of regulation, the increase in assets deriving from the new investments carried out during the first period will be considered part of the new RAB. The Authority will have the responsibility to ensure a fair yielding of the invested capital. The tariff system is therefore studied to reward efficiency and supports the development of investments. 

Natural gas can be stored in UGS facilities, or in Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) receiving terminals and peak-shaving units which can supply gas at a high rate in the cold season and over a short interval. 

An alternative to fire gas transport is liquid natural gas (LNG) transportation. A much higher density is gained at the expense of additional losses due to liquefaction, ship transport, and boiloff, estimated to be in the range of 12 - 20 % [39]. Relay bases as distribution systems are being operated for LH2, LNG, and LPG. These satellites bases are usually smaller than the primary bases. 

Natural gas is a more uniform product than crude oil. It is the least carbonaceous of aU fossil fuels, an ideal transportation fuel and very clean in combustion. The main disadvantages of gaseous fuels are the diSiculties associated with storage and transport. Natural gas can be shipped and marketed as compressed natural gas (CNG) or as a cryogenic liquid (liquid natural gas, LNG). Liquefaction is achieved by cooling the gas to produce a low-viscosity liquid with a boiling point of about -160 °C at atmospheric pressure. Expensive infrastructure requirements also represent the main drawbacks for the widespread use of natural gas as an automotive fuel. 

The United States and the Soviet Union have undertaken a series of cooperative research efforts in a variety of scientific fields of mutual interest. These programs are fostered by the State Department and sponsored by industry and government agencies. One of the cooperative research programs involves evaluation of low-temperature test methods and welded materials for liquid natural gas (LNG) applications [ ]. Nickel steels, austenitic stainless steels, and aluminum alloys are being analyzed. 

Table VII.5, Energy Contents of Various Sources of Energy (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG, and Liquid Natural Gas, LNG, Have About the Same Energy Content...

Cryostat Thermal preservation of special ultralow temperature refrigerators and refrigeration equipment. For example, it can be used as the insulation layers of the liquid natural gas (LNG) storage tanks (Figure 40.14). 

Dangerous Bulk Materials Regulatiam [9, 10] The Dangerom Bulk Materials Reguiatiom apply to bulk vessels such as oil tankers and bulk liquid natural gas (LNG) carriers ... 

Because of their cryogenic properties, i.e. their very good mechanical resistance at low temperatures, their weldability [1] and their excellent corrosion resistance in marine atmosphere, the alloys of the 5000 series (5083,5086,5754) and 6000 series (6082,6061) are widely used in plants for gasification and regasification of liquid natural gas (LNG), as well as for the transportation (tanks of methane cargos in 5083) and the land storage (tanks in 5083) of LNG [2],... 

Methanol can be excluded from further consideration because it can be made from liquid natural gas (LNG) or coal much cheaper than from biomass if demand arises e. g. as a fuel additive. 

They occur frequently in natural-gas purification, both in the upgrading of pipeline gas and in the purification of liquid natural gas (LNG). Gas streams like these occur in the manufacture of such commodity organic chemicals like ethylene and ethyl acetate. 

Temperature The level of the temperature measurement (4 K, 20 K, 77 K, or higher) is the first issue to be considered. The second issue is the range needed (e.g., a few degrees around 90 K or 1 to 400 K). If the temperature level is that of air separation or liquefact-ing of natural gas (LNG), then the favorite choice is the platinum resistance thermometer (PRT). Platinum, as with all pure metals, has an electrical resistance that goes to zero as the absolute temperature decreases to zero. Accordingly, the lower useful limit of platinum is about 20 K, or liquid hydrogen temperatures. Below 20 K, semiconductor thermometers (germanium-, carbon-, or silicon-based) are preferred. Semiconductors have just the opposite resistance-temperature dependence of metals—their resistance increases as the temperature is lowered, as fewer valence electrons can be promoted into the conduction band at lower temperatures. Thus, semiconductors are usually chosen for temperatures from about 1 to 20 K. 

To remain a liquid at a reasonably low pressure, liquefied natural gas (LNG) must be maintained at below at least -117°F. Insulated storage tanks alone cannot maintain these very cold temperatures. LNG is stored at its boiling point to take advantage of autorefrigeration. Just as the temperature of water does not rise above its boiling point (212°F) with increased heat (it is cooled by evaporation), LNG is kept near its boiling point if kept at a constant pres-... 

Remote and relatively small gas fields cannot justify the high investment cost associated with liquefied natural gas (LNG) production or a gas pipeline system. Conversion of the natural gas from such gas fields to liquids by a gas-to-liquids facility allows these gas fields to be exploited. 

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - Natural gas that has been converted to a liquid through cooling to approximately -162°C (-260 °F) at atmospheric pressure. 

As an engine fuel, natural gas can be used either in a compressed form as compressed natural gas (CNG) or in a liquid form as liquefied natural gas (LNG). The major difference between compressed natural gas... 

Gas-to-liquids plants are generally located close to natural gas fields, as the transport costs for liquid fuels are less than those for gaseous fuels. The production of GTL is considered to be an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG), specifically when focusing on the end-product vehicle fuel and not the long distance transport of energy. In 1993, a first large-scale GTL plant was erected by Shell in Bintulu, Sarawak in Malaysia, based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The plant s total thermal process efficiency is about 63% (Shell, 1995) (see Table 7.11) a second plant is under construction in Qatar, with production expected to begin in 2010. 

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