Liquid Dilutable Cleaners

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether m=1,R = H, n = 3 Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether m = 2, R = CH3, n = 3 Ethylene glyool monopropyl ether m=1,R = H, n = 2 

FIG U RE 2.1 Molecular structures of some common hard-surface cleaning solvents. 

APCs or BDCs can also be built systems like the cleansers are. However, the builders, being powder ingredients, can leave behind residue as they do in the cleansers. The alkalinity supplied by the builders is an important adjunct to the surfactant and solvent action of these cleaners, although the amount used is usually minimized. Formulas that are microemulsions are made completely without builders and should have less rinsing or residue problems. 

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A 10-0 cm3 volume of a liquid drain cleaner containing sodium hydroxide was diluted to 250 cm3 g standard flask. Samples of this diluted solution with volumes of 25-0 cm3 ere pipetted into a conical flask and titrated against a 0-220 mol h sulfuric acid solution. The average of the concordant titres was 17-8 cm3. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide in one litre of the drain cleaner. 

TABLE 13.6 Liquid Dilutable All-Purpose Cleaner Formulas... 

Ordinary all-purpose household cleaner is sold in concentrated liquid form, and requires dilution by consumers before application. This potentially causes either wastage or overdosing as the consumer is left alone to judge the correct amount of detergent to use. In addition, acid/alkali bums for consumers are not uncommon during the dilution process. Hence a demand for a more convenient product is apparent in the market. 

Concentrated Liquid Household Hard-Surface Cleaner Pine Oil All-Purpose Dilutable Concentrate... 

General-Purpose Cleaners. These are products which can be used for a variety of household applications including spray or bucket cleaners to be used to wash walls, woodwork, porcelain, linoleum, etc. These products generally contain much smaller amounts of active, as they are to be used in a more concentrated form for eventual dilution with water in actual application. These products can contain 5 to 10 percent nonionic in the total liquid and may also contain TKPP as well as certain solvents such as ethylene glycol mono n-butyl ether. The general choice of products for this application would be the standard to alcohols... 

The fundamental action of this hydrotrope in a liquid cleaner has been investigated. In such an application, the hydrotrope functions in the formulation concentrate by preventing gelation. In addition, under the dilute conditions in the washing process, the hydrotrope facilitates the removal of oily dirt from the fabric. In the following discussion these two functions are related to the phase equilibria of water-amphiphile systems. 

Both cleansers and all-purpose cleaners are now also available in liquid forms, which were the next stage of their evolution. The liquid form has two main advantages. Liquids can be formulated in a concentrated form that can be diluted by the consumer before use to the desired strength. This dilution operation is easier for the consumer because the liquid form mixes easier and dissolves better than the powder form that preceded it. The liquids can also be used straight from the container on heavily soiled areas the powder cleaners had to be made into a paste before they could be applied. 

Pilot concentrates may be used to make dry hand cleaners for lavatory dispensers and waterless cream hand cleaners. A quality liquid filler for dispensers is a 5% solution of Calsuds concentrates diluted with equal parts of water and isopropyl alcohol. 

Cleaners containing oxygen bleach or peroxides are gaining in popularity. Contrary to the usual trend in developed nations, these products are often in powder form rather than liquid to facilitate delivery of the peroxide (usually in the form of percarbonate), which is very difficult to stabilize in liquid formulation [44]. They are usually aimed at laundry problems, but directions on the label give dilution instructions for use as a cleaner on a variety of hard surfaces as well. Surfactants used in these cleaners are usually anionic or nonionic at low concentrations (<5%). Oxygen bleach formulas are touted for their greater surface safety, but with the greater safety comes a decreased spectrum of stains that can be bleached. 

In view of these discrepancies, the isotope dilution measurements at J = 0.1 v/ere repeated, with the procedure modified as previously described to attain a cleaner solid-liquid separation before analysis, and to obtain capacity values by ion displacement on the same samples on which isotope dilution determinations had been made. 

Closed loop system (cleaning) A cleaning line where the cleaners and rinsing agents are recycled so that there is very little dilute liquid waste generated. Contaminants are in the form of solids on filters or concentrated liquid wastes. See also Enclosed system. 

Hard surface household cleaners are available in various types. The concentrated products contain about 10% surfactant, often nonionics. The spray-on liquids, already diluted, may only contain 1% surfactant. Powdered hard surface cleaners are more likely to contain anionic surfactants, usually only 1 or 2%. Most household cleaners are made alkaline and usually contain a sequestering agent such as sodium gluconate. A water-soluble solvent is often added. Disinfectants, perfumes, and other components are present. Surfactants are isolated by extracting the dried solids with methanol or methylene chloride (24). 

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