Liquid chromatography-mass capabilities required

Atomic absorption spectrometry with flame (AA-F) or electrothermal atomization furnace (AA-ETA), inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are state-of-the-art analytical techniques used to measure metals in biological fluids. They are specific and sensitive and provide the cfinical laboratory with the capability to measure a broad array of metals at clinically significant concentrations. For example, ICP-MS is used to measure several metals simultaneously. Photometric assays are also available but require large volumes of sample and have limited analytical performance. Spot tests are also... 

Specifically for triazines in water, multi-residue methods incorporating SPE and LC/MS/MS will soon be available that are capable of measuring numerous parent compounds and all their relevant degradates (including the hydroxytriazines) in one analysis. Continued increases in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/API-MS/MS) sensitivity will lead to methods requiring no aqueous sample preparation at all, and portions of water samples will be injected directly into the LC column. The use of SPE and GC or LC coupled with MS and MS/MS systems will also be applied routinely to the analysis of more complex sample matrices such as soil and crop and animal tissues. However, the analyte(s) must first be removed from the sample matrix, and additional research is needed to develop more efficient extraction procedures. Increased selectivity during extraction also simplifies the sample purification requirements prior to injection. Certainly, miniaturization of all aspects of the analysis (sample extraction, purification, and instrumentation) will continue, and some of this may involve SEE, subcritical and microwave extraction, sonication, others or even combinations of these techniques for the initial isolation of the analyte(s) from the bulk of the sample matrix. 

Steuer et al. compared supercritical fluid chromatography with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for its application in pharmaceutical analysis [24]. Efficiency, performance, sensitivity, optimization, sample preparation, ease of method development, technical capabilities, and orthogonality of the information were the parameters studied. They concluded that SFC is ideal for moderately polar compounds, such as excipients, for which mass detection is required. 

Equipment and expertise. Synthesis requires dedicated laboratory space and equipment. Protein synthesis is best done with the aid of a peptide synthesizer which is capable of optimal step-wise yields. Purification using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is an integral part of the procedure (16), so at least one preparative and one analytical HPLC systems is needed. Access to electrospray mass spectrometry is essential. 

Environmental assessment studies require characterization of PNAs in large numbers of samples over extended periods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have demonstrated their capability to provide specific information for samples containing complex mixtures of pollutants. The GC/MS and HPLC methods, however, require sophisticated and expensive instrumentation and elaborate experimental procedures. Two techniques, synchronous luminescence (SL) and room temperature phosphoresence (RTP), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been applied to the work... 

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