Liquid chromatography electrophoresis

Protein toxins such as botulism, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, or ricin can be separated with gas or liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, or a combination. The pChemLab (Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM) series of instruments includes a hand-held Bio Detector. Proteins in the sample are labeled with fluorescent tags, and nanoliter volumes of samples are separated by microchannels etched into a glass chip. The separation occurs as the sample moves through the channels and identification is based on retention times. The analyses can be completed within 10 min. 

OR Larroque, MC Gianibelli, IL Batey, F MacRitchie. Electrophoretic characterization of fractions collected from gluten protein extracts subjected to size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 18 1064-1067, 1997. 

Dendrimer structure is often confirmed with a variety of techniques, including H- and C-NMR, mass spectrometry, size-exclusion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. ... 

Separation gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, electrophoresis. Detection electron capture, nitrogen phosphorus, flame ionization, flame photometry, fluorescence, diode array, UV, mass spectrometry Atomic spectrometry (absorption, emission, fluorescence), mass spectrometry, polarography, voltammetry... 

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrophoresis Thin Layer Chromatography Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Atomic Absorption and Plasma Spectroscopy X-ray Methods Mass Spectrometry... 

Volpi, N. Separation of capsular polysaccharide K4 and defructosylated K4 derived disaccharides by high-performance capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis, 24, 1063, 2003. 

Helmja, K., Vaher, M., Ptissa, T., Raudsepp, R, and Kaljurand, M. 2008. Evaluation of antioxidative capability of the tomato (Solarium lycopersicum) skin constituents by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 29 3980-3988. 

McDevitt, V. L. Rodriquez, A. Williams, K. R. Analysis of Soft Drinks UV Spectrophotometry, Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis, 1998, 75, 625-629. 

Typically, quantitative protein determination is done on the one hand by colorimetric or nephelometric methods, on the other hand for more difficult analytical problems by more sophisticated techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gel-electrophoresis and immunoassay. However, these methods are tedious, time-consuming and expensive. 

Figure 9.5 The generic setup for two-dimensional liquid chromatography-capillary zone electrophoresis as used by Jorgenson s group. The LC separation was performed in hours, while the CZE runs were on a time scale of seconds.

MICROCOLUMN REVERSE PHASE HIGH PEREORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS... 

Figure 9.6 Surfer-generated chromatoeletropherogram of fluorescamine-labeled tryptic digest of ovalbumin. Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, 62, M. M. Bushey and J. W. Jorgenson, Automated instrumentation for comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography/capillary zone electrophoresis, pp 978-984, copyright 1990, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

H. Yamamoto, T. Manabe and T. Okuyama, Apparatus for coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of complex protein mixtures , 7. Chromatogr. 515 659-666 (1990). 

S. Palmarsdottir and L. E. Edholm, Enhancement of selectivity and concentration sensitivity in capillary zone electrophoresis by on-line coupling with column liquid chromatography and utilizing a double stacking procedure allowing for microliter injections , 7. Chromatogr. 693 131-143 (1995). 

J. P. Larmann-Jr, A. V. Lemmo, A. W. Moore and J. W. Jorgenson, Two-dimensional sep-ar ations of peptides and proteins by comprehensive liquid chromatography-capillary electrophoresis . Electrophoresis 14 439-447 (1993). 

A. W. Moore, Jr and J. W. Jorgenson, Comprehensive three-dimensional separation of peptides using size exclusion chromatography/reversed phase liquid chromatography/ optically gated capillary zone electrophoresis . Anal. Chem. 67 3456-3463 (1995). 

Most of the criteria and features outlined above for liquid chromatography media also apply to the development of selectors for electrodriven separations such as electrophoresis and electrochromatography. 

At present moment, no generally feasible method exists for the large-scale production of optically pure products. Although for the separation of virtually every racemic mixture an analytical method is available (gas chromatography, liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis), this is not the case for the separation of racemic mixtures on an industrial scale. The most widely applied method for the separation of racemic mixtures is diastereomeric salt crystallization [1]. However, this usually requires many steps, making the process complicated and inducing considerable losses of valuable product. In order to avoid the problems associated with diastereomeric salt crystallization, membrane-based processes may be considered as a viable alternative. 

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